Bob his bib refs

This last book by the late John Rawls, derived from written lectures and notes for his long-running course on modern political philosophy, offers readers an account of the liberal political tradition from a scholar viewed by many as the greatest contemporary exponent of the philosophy behind that tradition. Rawls's goal in the lectures was, he wrote, "to identify the more central features of liberalism as expressing a political conception of justice when liberalism is viewed from within the tradition of democratic constitutionalism." He does this by looking at several strands that make up the liberal and democratic constitutional traditions, and at the historical figures who best represent these strands-among them the contractarians Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau; the utilitarians Hume, Sidgwick, and J. S. Mill; and Marx regarded as a critic of liberalism. Rawls's lectures on Bishop Joseph Butler also are included in an appendix. Constantly revised and refined over three decades, Rawls's lectures on these figures reflect his developing and changing views on the history of liberalism and democracy-as well as how he saw his own work in relation to those traditions. With its clear and careful analyses of the doctrine of the social contract, utilitarianism, and socialism-and of their most influential proponents-this volume has a critical place in the traditions it expounds. Marked by Rawls's characteristic patience and curiosity, and scrupulously edited by his student and teaching assistant, Samuel Freeman, these lectures are a fitting final addition to his oeuvre, and to the history of political philosophy as well.

This book continues and revises the ideas of justice as fairness that John Rawls presented in A Theory of Justice but changes its philosophical interpretation in a fundamental way. That previous work assumed what Rawls calls a "well-ordered society," one that is stable and relatively homogenous in its basic moral beliefs and in which there is broad agreement about what constitutes the good life. Yet in modern democratic society a plurality of incompatible and irreconcilable doctrines-religious, philosophical, and moral-cuxist within the framework of democratic institutions. Recognizing this as a permanent condition of democracy, Rawls asks how a stable and just society of free and equal citizens can live in concord when divided by reasonable but incompatible doctrines' This edition includes the essay "The Idea of Public Reason Revisited," which outlines Rawls' plans to revise Political Liberalism, which were cut short by his death. "An extraordinary well-reasoned commentary on A Theory of Justice ... a decisive turn towards political philosophy."--Times Literary Supplement.

Most of these papers were presented at a symposium held at the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law on October 1-2, 1989.

Keywords: Derrida Jacques 1930- ; Derrida Jacques ; Law -- Interpretation and construction ; Law -- Political aspects ; Law ; Postmodernism ; Deconstruction ; Droit et politique ; Dekonstruktion ; Rechtsphilosophie ; Kongress ; Gerechtigkeit ; Justice ; Droit -- Interprétation ; Jurisprudence ; 86.04 philosophy of law

'What is the pervasive character of the world? The answer is force.' But, as Heidegger asks next: ' What is force?' Connors sets out to answer this question, tracing --- through a series of close readings --- a genealogy of the idea of force through the writings of Nietzsche, Heidegger, Foucault and Derrida. These thinkers try to pin down what force is, but know too that it is something which cannot be neutrally described, and cannot be discussed without loss or bias. Their vigorously literary writings must therefore be read as much for the stylistic and rhetorical ways in which they render force's powerful elusiveness as for the content of their arguments. And it is perhaps literature, rather than philosophy, which best engages with force. Certainly these philosophical positions are foreshadowed in remarkable detail by Shakespeare's Henry V--- a play shot through with forces, imaginary, military, rhetorical and bodily.

Keywords: 20th Century ; Force and energy ; Power (Philosophy) ; Power (Philosophy) in literature ; Violence - Social aspects

Keywords: Commercial production ; Conceptualization ; Denial ; Individualization ; Mode of action ; Political power ; Rationality ; Rationalization ; Reason ; Subjectivity

01 02 In these lectures delivered in 1980, Michel Foucault gives an important new inflection to his history of 'regimes of truth.' Following on from the themes of knowledge-power and governmentality, he turns his attention here to the ethical domain of practices of techniques of the self. Why and how, he asks, does the exercise of power as government demand not only acts of obedience and submission, but 'truth acts' in which individuals subject to relations of power are also required to be subjects in procedures of truth-telling? How and why are subjects required not just to tell the truth, but to tell the truth about themselves? These questions lead to a re-reading of Sophocles' Oedipus the King and, through an examination of the texts of Tertullian, Cassian and others, to an analysis of the 'truth acts' in early Christian practices of baptism, penance, and spiritual direction in which believers are called upon to manifest the truth of themselves as subjects always danger of falling into sin. In the public expression of the subject's condition as a sinner, in the rituals of repentance and penance, and in the detailed verbalization of thoughts in the examination of conscience, we see the organization of a pastoral system focused upon confession. 13 02 Michel Foucault, acknowledged as the pre-eminent philosopher of France in the 1970s and 1980s, continues to have enormous impact throughout the world in many disciplines. Arnold I. Davidson, Series Editor, is the Robert O. Anderson Distinguished Service Professor at the University of Chicago, USA, and Professor of the Philosophy of Cultures at the Università Ca'Foscari, Venice. He is co-editor of the volume Michel Foucault: Philosophie. Graham Burchell is a translator. As well as translating Foucault's lectures at the Collège de France he has written essays on Foucault's work and was an editor of and contributor to the influential volume The Foucault Effect. Studies in Governmentality. 02 02 With these lectures Foucault inaugurates his investigations of truth-telling in the ethical domain of practices of techniques of the self. How and why, he asks, does the government of men require those subject to power to be subjects who must tell the truth about themselves? 08 02 "[Foucault] must be reckoned with." -- The New York Times Book Review "Ideas spark off nearly every page of this book, as Foucault manages to reinvigorate questions of power and violence that might have seemed well-worn. The words may have been spoken in 1976, but they seem as alive and relevant as if they had been written yesterday." -- Bookforum "Foucault is quite central to our sense of where we are..." -- The Nation "[Foucault] has an alert and sensitive mind that can ignore the familiar surfaces of established intellectual coded and ask new questions...[He] gives dramatic quality to the movement of culture." -- The New York Review of Books "These lectures offer important insights into the evolution of the primary focus of Foucault's later work -- the relationship between power and knowledge." - Library Journal 04 02 Foreword: François Ewald and Alessandro Fontana Translator's Note Abbreviations 1. 9 January 1980 2. 16 January 1980 3. 23 January 1980 4. 30 January 1980 5. 6 February 1980 6. 13 February 1980 7. 20 February 1980 8. 27 February 1980 9. 5 March 1980 10. 12 March 1980 11. 19 March 1980 12. 16 March 1980 Course Summary Course Context Index of Greek Terms Index of Notions Index of Names

Keywords: General Philosophy and Philosophers ; Law ; Law -- Philosophy ; Modern Philosophy ; Palgrave Religion & Philosophy Collection ; PHILOSOPHY ; Political ; Political and Social Philosophy ; Political aspects ; Political Philosophy ; Political science ; Political science -- Philosophy ; Social Philosophy ; Truth ; Truth -- Political aspects ; Truth -- Religious aspects ; Truth in literature ; Western philosophy from c 1900

This collection contains the first English translations of a group of important eighteenth-century German essays that address the question, "What is Enlightenment?" The book also includes newly translated and newly written interpretive essays by leading historians and philosophers, which examine the origins of eighteenth-century debate on Enlightenment and explore its significance for the present. In recent years, critics from across the political and philosophical spectrum have condemned the Enlightenment for its complicity with any number of present-day social and cultural maladies. It has rarely been noticed, however, that at the end of the Enlightenment, German thinkers had already begun a scrutiny of their age so wide-ranging that there are few subsequent criticisms that had not been considered by the close of the eighteenth century. Among the concerns these essays address are the importance of freedom of expression, the relationship between faith and reason, and the responsibility of the Enlightenment for revolutions. Included are translations of works by such well-known figures as Immanuel Kant, Moses Mendelssohn, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, and Johann Georg Hamann, as well as essays by thinkers whose work is virtually unknown to American readers. These eighteenth-century texts are set against interpretive essays by such major twentieth-century figures as Max Horkheimer, Jürgen Habermas, and Michel Foucault.

Keywords: Enlightenment ; Cultural life ; Freedom of thought ; Intellectual life ; Intellectuals ; Philosophical thought ; Philosophy ; Public sphere ; Reason ; Texts

Keywords: Foucault Michel 1926-1984 ; Philosophy ; 08.20 history of western philosophy: general

Many contemporary political thinkers are gripped by the belief that their task is to develop an ideal theory of rights or justice for guiding and judging political actions. But in Philosophy and Real Politics, Raymond Geuss argues that philosophers should first try to understand why real political actors behave as they actually do. Far from being applied ethics, politics is a skill that allows people to survive and pursue their goals. To understand politics is to understand the powers, motives, and concepts that people have and that shape how they deal with the problems they face in their particular historical situations. Philosophy and Real Politics both outlines a historically oriented, realistic political philosophy and criticizes liberal political philosophies based on abstract conceptions of rights and justice. The book is a trenchant critique of established ways of thought and a provocative call for change.

Keywords: Philosophy ; PHILOSOPHY / Political ; Conceptualization ; Ethics & Moral Philosophy ; Judgement ; Justice ; Liberalism ; Political ; Political philosophy ; Political action ; Political behaviour ; Political science ; Political science -- Philosophy ; Realism ; Rights

Outside Ethics brings together some of the most important and provocative works by one of the most creative philosophers writing today. Seeking to expand the scope of contemporary moral and political philosophy, Raymond Geuss here presents essays bound by a shared skepticism about a particular way of thinking about what is important in human life--a way of thinking that, in his view, is characteristic of contemporary Western societies and isolates three broad categories of things as important: subjective individual preferences, knowledge, and restrictions on actions that affect other people (restrictions often construed as ahistorical laws). He sets these categories in a wider context and explores various human phenomena--including poetry, art, religion, and certain kinds of history and social criticism--that do not fit easily into these categories. As its title suggests, this book seeks a place outside conventional ethics. Following a brief introduction, Geuss sets out his main concerns with a focus on ethics and politics. He then expands these themes by discussing freedom, virtue, the good life, and happiness. Next he examines Theodor Adorno's views on the relation between suffering and knowledge, the nature of religion, and the role of history in giving us critical distances from existing identities. From here he moves to aesthetic concerns. The volume closes by looking at what it is for a human life to have "gaps"--to be incomplete, radically unsatisfactory, or a failure.

Keywords: Ethics ; Liberalism ; Philosophy

With a new, interpretive introduction by the translator, this revised edition of Koselleck's most acclaimed work is once again available in English. Koselleck explores the concept of historical time by posing the question: What kind of experience is opened up by the emergence of modernity? Koselleck explores the concept of historical time by posing the question: what kind of experience is opened up by the emergence of modernity?

Keywords: History -- Philosophy ; History -- Periodization ; History

QHistory -- Terminology ; Historiography

Keywords: Rousseau; Smith; Hume; Mandeville

TRANSLATOR'S INTRODUCTIONThis essay appears to have been occasioned by a passing remark made by Kant's colleague and follower Johann Schultz in a 1784 article in the Gotha Learned Papers (see Note 1 below). In order to make good on Schultz's remark, Kant wrote this article, which appeared in the Berli- nische Monatsschrift late in the same year.This is the first, and despite its brevity the most fully worked out, statement of his philosophy of history. The “idea” referred to in the title is a theoretical idea, that is, an a priori conception of a theoretical program to maximize the comprehensibility of human history. It anticipates much of the theory of the use of natural teleology in the theoretical understanding of nature that Kant was to develop over five years later in the Critique of the Power of Judgment. But this theoretical idea also stands in a close and complex relationship to Kant's moral and political philosophy, and to his conception of practical faith in divine providence. Especially prominent in it is the first statement of Kant's famous conception of a federation of states united to secure perpetual peace between nations.The Idea for a Universal History also contained several propositions that were soon to be disputed by J. G. Herder in his Ideas for the Philosophy of the History of Humanity, leading to Kant's reply in his reviews of that work (1785) and in the Conjectural Beginning of Human History (1786).

Keywords: PHILOSOPHY ; Philosophy: epistemology & theory of knowledge ; Western philosophy

I start with two rough models of political theory (or philosophy: the distinction is not important here) with respect to the relation of morality to political practice. One is anenactmentmodel. The model is that political theory formulates principles, concepts, ideals, and values; and politics (so far as it does what the theory wants) seeks to express these in political action, through persuasion, the use of power, and so forth. This is not necessarily (although it is usually) a distinction between persons. Moreover, there is an intermediate activity which can be shared by both parties: this shapes particular conceptions

Keywords: Political power ; Applied philosophy ; Axiology ; Behavioral sciences ; Coercion ; Cognitive psychology ; Critical theory ; Emotion ; Emotional states ; Ethics ; Fear ; Human aggression ; Human behavior ; Liberalism ; Metanarratives ; Moralism ; Morality ; Normative ethics ; Normativity ; Philosophy ; Political attitudes ; Political ethics ; Political ideologies ; Political philosophy ; Political science ; Political sociology ; Politics ; Psychology ; Social behavior ; Social criticism ; Social philosophy

John Rawls aims to express an essential part of the common core of the democratic tradition---justice as fairness---and to provide an alternative to utilitarianism, which had dominated the Anglo-Saxon tradition of political thought since the nineteenth century. Rawls substitutes the ideal of the social contract as a more satisfactory account of the basic rights and liberties of citizens as free and equal persons. “Each person,” writes Rawls, “possesses an inviolability founded on justice that even the welfare of society as a whole cannot override.” Advancing the ideas of Rousseau, Kant, Emerson, and Lincoln, Rawls's theory is as powerful today as it was when first published. Though the revised edition of A Theory of Justice, published in 1999, is the definitive statement of Rawls's view, much of the extensive literature on his theory refers to the original. This first edition is available for scholars and serious students of Rawls's work.

Keywords: Justice ; Social justice ; Philosophy

The Act of March 1649 abolishing the office of king confirmed that monarchy is 'dangerous to the liberty, safety, and public interest of the people', and added that in England the effect of the prerogative has been 'to oppress and impoverish and enslave the subject'. Having raised the question, however, Isaiah Berlin confidently answers that no such third concept of liberty can be coherently entertained. To speak of dependence as lack of liberty, he writes, would be to confound freedom with other concepts in a manner at once misleading and confused. Stating his grounds for this conclusion, Berlin goes on to enunciate his most general claim about the concept of liberty. When he discusses negative liberty, he gives an account closely resembling the analysis that, according to MacCallum and his numerous followers, must be given of any claim about freedom if it is to be intelligible.

Keywords: PHILOSOPHY ; Sociology

A. John Simmons is widely regarded as one of the most innovative and creative of today's political philosophers. His work on political obligation is regarded as definitive and he is also internationally respected as an interpreter of John Locke. The characteristic features of clear argumentation and careful scholarship that have been hallmarks of his philosophy are everywhere evident in this collection. The essays focus on the problems of political obligation and state legitimacy as well as on historical theories of property and justice. Cumulatively the collection presents a distinctive social and political philosophy, exploring the nature of our most fundamental rights and obligations, and displaying the power and plausibility of Lockean ideal theory.

Keywords: Political obligation ; Legitimacy of governments ; Human rights

A new volume of philosophical essays by Bernard Williams. The book is a successor to Problems of the Self, but whereas that volume dealt mainly with questions of personal identity, Moral Luck centres on questions of moral philosophy and the theory of rational action. That whole area has of course been strikingly reinvigorated over the last deacde, and philosophers have both broadened and deepened their concerns in a way that now makes much earlier moral and political philosophy look sterile and trivial. Moral Luck contains a number of essays that have contributed influentially to this development. Among the recurring themes are the moral and philosophical limitations of utilitarianism, the notion of integrity, relativism, and problems of moral conflict and rational choice. The work presented here is marked by a high degree of imagination and acuity, and also conveys a strong sense of psychological reality. The volume will be a stimulating source of ideas and arguments for all philosophers and a wide range of other readers.

Keywords: Ethics

Is political theory political enough? Or does a tendency toward abstraction, idealization, moralism, and utopianism leave contemporary political theory out of touch with real politics as it actually takes place, and hence unable to speak meaningfully to or about our world? Realist political thought, which has enjoyed a significant revival of interest in recent years, seeks to avoid such pitfalls by remaining attentive to the distinctiveness of politics and the ways its realities ought to shape how we think and act in the political realm.Politics Recoveredbrings together prominent scholars to develop what it might mean to theorize politics "realistically." Intervening in philosophical debates such as the relationship between politics and morality and the role that facts and emotions should play in the theorization of political values, the volume addresses how a realist approach aids our understanding of pressing issues such as global justice, inequality, poverty, political corruption, the value of democracy, governmental secrecy, and demands for transparency. Contributors open up fruitful dialogues with a variety of other realist approaches, such as feminist theory, democratic theory, and international relations. By exploring the nature and prospects of realist thought,Politics Recoveredshows how political theory can affirm reality in order to provide meaningful and compelling answers to the fundamental questions of political life.

Keywords: Philosophy ; Political realism ; POLITICAL SCIENCE

The burden of judgement: Dunn, Kant and LockeIn all his work John Dunn has insisted that political judgement must be regarded as a central issue of political theory. Nonetheless, only a few political theorists work explicitly on this topic. Among them Dunn is perhaps the only one who stands entirely outside the Kantian tradition. This is a striking fact, for Kant's contribution is widely regarded as foundational for the understanding of judgement (moral, aesthetic and political) in modern thought. Judgement is usually defined with reference to Kant's pithy characterisation of it in his Critique of Judgment as `the ability to think the particular as contained under the universal', as the link between theory and practice. `It is obvious', Kant claimed in his essay `On the common saying: That may be correct in theory, but it is of no use in practice', that `between theory and practice there is required ... a middle term connecting them and providing a transition from one to the other', an `act of judgment by which a practitioner distinguishes whether or not something is a case of the rule'.Kant's essay conveyed a double-edged message about the problem of judgement. At first Kant asserted that there was an ineliminable gap between theory and practice which could not be closed by developing a theory of judgement. Judgement as such could have no rule, for a rule was precisely a theory, requiring a further judgement for its implementation as practice. This would lead to infinite regress. In Kantian terms, a theory of judgement was an oxymoron.

This 1997 book was the first English translation of all of Kant's writings on moral and political philosophy collected in a single volume. No other collection competes with the comprehensiveness of this one. As well as Kant's most famous moral and political writings, the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, the Critique of Practical Reason, the Metaphysics of Morals, and Toward Perpetual Peace, the volume includes shorter essays and reviews, some of which have never been translated before. The volume has been furnished with a substantial editorial apparatus including translator's introductions and explanatory notes to each text by Mary Gregor, and a general introduction to Kant's moral and political philosophy by Allen Wood. There is also an English-German and German-English glossary of key terms.

Keywords: Ethics Modern -- 18th century

John Locke's political theory has been the subject of many detailed treatments by philosophers and political scientists. But The Lockean Theory of Rights is the first systematic, full-length study of Locke's theory of rights and of its potential for making genuine contributions to contemporary debates about rights and their place in political philosophy. Given that the rights of persons are the central moral concept at work in Locke's and Lockean political philosophy, such a study is long overdue.

Keywords: Derecho -- Filosofía ; Locke John -- Crítica e interpretación

Kant's Critique of Judgement analyses our experience of the beautiful and the sublime in relation to nature, morality, and theology. Meredith's classic translation is here lightly revised and supplemented with a bilingual glossary. The edition also includes the important First Introduction. - ;'beauty has purport and significance only for human beings, for beings at once animal and rational'. In the Critique of Judgement (1790) Kant offers a penetrating analysis of our experience of the beautiful and the sublime, discussing the objectivity of taste, aesthetic disinterestedness, the relation of

Keywords: Judgment (Logic) ; Judgment (Aesthetics) ; Teleology

Political obligation is concerned with the clash between the individual's claim to self-governance and the right of the state to claim obedience. It is a central and ancient problem in political philosophy. In this authoritative introduction, Dudley Knowles frames the problem of obligation in terms of the duties citizens have to the state and each other. Drawing on a wide range of key works in political philosophy, from Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, David Hume and G. W. F. Hegel to John Rawls, A. John Simmons, Joseph Raz and Ronald Dworkin, Political Obligation: A Critical Introduction is an ideal starting point for those coming to the topic for the first time, as well as being an original and distinctive contribution to the literature. Knowles distinguishes the philosophical problem of obligation - which types of argument may successfully ground the legitimacy of the state and the duties of citizens - from the political problem of obligation - whether successful arguments apply to the actual citizens of particular states. Against the anarchist and modern skeptics, Knowles claims that a plurality of arguments promise success when carefully formulated and defended, and discusses in turn ancient and modern theories of social contract and consent, fairness and gratitude, utilitarianism, justice and a Samaritan duty of care for others. Against modern communitarians, he defends a distinctive liberalism: `the state proposes, the citizen disposes'. Dudley Knowles is Professor of Political Philosophy at the University of Glasgow. He is the author of Political Philosophy and Hegel's Philosophy of Right , also published by Routledge, as well as many articles.

Keywords: Political obligation ; Political Theory ; Political Philosophy ; Political science ; Textbooks

Keywords: Hobbes Thomas 1588-1679 ; Hume David 1711-1776 ; Smith Adam 1723-1790 ; Political science -- History ; POLITICAL SCIENCE / Essays ; POLITICAL SCIENCE / Government / General ; POLITICAL SCIENCE / Government / National ; POLITICAL SCIENCE / Reference ; Political science ; State The ; 89.06 political philosophy

This book originated as lectures for a course on political philosophy that Rawls taught regularly at Harvard in the 1980s. In time the lectures became a restatement of his theory of justice as fairness, revised in light of his more recent papers and his treatise Political Liberalism (1993). Rawls offers a broad overview of his main lines of thought and also explores specific issues never before addressed in any of his writings. He is well aware that since the publication of A Theory of Justice in 1971, American society has moved farther away from the idea of justice as fairness. Yet his ideas retain their power and relevance to debates in a pluralistic society about the meaning and theoretical viability of liberalism. This book demonstrates that moral clarity can be achieved even when a collective commitment to justice is uncertain.

Keywords: Impartialité ; POLITICAL SCIENCE -- Essays ; POLITICAL SCIENCE -- Government -- General ; POLITICAL SCIENCE -- Government -- National ; POLITICAL SCIENCE -- Reference ; Justice sociale ; Théorie politique ; Equité ; Fairness ; Justice ; Rechtvaardigheid ; Justiça (aspectos políticos)

This study provides a comprehensive reinterpretation of the meaning of Locke's political thought. John Dunn restores Locke's ideas to their exact context, and so stresses the historical question of what Locke in the Two Treatises of Government was intending to claim. By adopting this approach, he reveals the predominantly theological character of all Locke's thinking about politics and provides a convincing analysis of the development of Locke's thought. In a polemical concluding section, John Dunn argues that liberal and Marxist interpretations of Locke's politics have failed to grasp his meaning. Locke emerges as not merely a contributor to the development of English constitutional thought, or as a reflector of socio-economic change in seventeenth-century England, but as essentially a Calvinist natural theologian.

Keywords: Political science

In this accessible interpretation of Kant's political philosophy, Allen D. Rosen concentrates on the relation between justice, political authority (the state), and individual liberty.

Keywords: Social ethics ; State The ; Liberty ; Kant Immanuel 1724-1804 -- Political and social views

Keywords: Political authority ; Immanuel Kant

"A Treatise of Human Nature" by David Hume is a philosophical work written in the early 18th century. The book seeks to explore the underlying principles of human nature, with a focus on understanding the origin and workings of human thoughts and emotions. Hume delves into various topics of human experience, highlighting the relationship between impressions and ideas, and how these elements contribute to our understanding of reality. The opening of the treatise introduces Hume's approach, emphasizing that all perceptions in the human mind consist of two distinct types: impressions, which are vivid and forceful, and ideas, which are their fainter representations. Hume proposes to categorize these perceptions and elucidate their qualities and relationships, especially focusing on how simple ideas derive from simple impressions. He aims to establish a foundational understanding of human nature that connects ideas and their origins, while also hinting at the broader implications this understanding may have on other branches like ethics and social philosophy. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

Of the Various Means of Conveying One's ThoughtsSpeech sets man apart among animals, language distinguishes between nations: one knows where a man comes from only after he has spoken. Usage and need make that everyone learns the language of his country; but what is it that makes this language the language of his country and not of another? In order to tell, one must go back to an explanation that belongs specifically to the place and that predates even the local customs: speech, the first institution of society, owes its shape only to natural causes.As soon as man was recognized by another similar to himself, as a being capable of feeling and of thought, the desire or the need to convey his feelings and his thoughts put him in search of the means to do so. These means could only stem from the senses, the only instruments through which a man can act upon another man. Hence the institution of sensory signs in order to express thought. The inventors of language did not reason this way, but instinct suggested this conclusion to them.The general means by which we can act upon someone's senses are limited to two, namely motion and voice. The effect of motion is immediate in the case of touch or mediate in the case of gesture. Since the first is restricted by the length of one's arm it cannot communicate at a distance, but the other can reach as far as a lightning ray can travel.

Keywords: Language ; Acoustics ; Animals ; Anthropology ; Applied sciences ; Articulatory phonetics ; Arts ; Behavioral sciences ; Biological sciences ; Biology ; Colors ; Communications ; Dialectology ; Dialects ; Ethnolinguistics ; Ethnology ; Gestures ; harmony ; Humans ; Jean-Jacques Rousseau ; Linguistics ; Literary genres ; Literary studies: general ; Literary theory ; Literary Theory and Cultural Studies ; Literature ; Mammals ; Material properties ; Materials science ; Melody ; Music ; Music theory ; Musical chords ; Musical pitch ; Nonverbal communication ; Optical properties ; Paul de Man ; Performing arts ; Phonetics ; Phonology ; Physical sciences ; Physics ; Poetry ; political government ; Primates ; prosody ; Regional dialects ; Social sciences ; Sound ; speech ; Tonal harmony ; Tonal theory ; Voiced sounds ; writing ; Zoology

Convinced that it belongs only to a virtuous citizen to present his country those acknowledgments it may become her to receive, I have been for thirty years past, endeavoring to render myself worthy to offer you some public homage. In the meantime, this fortunate occasion replacing in some degree the insufficiency of my efforts, I have presumed rather to follow the dictates of zeal, than to wait till I should be authorized by merit. Having had the good fortune to be born a subject of Geneva, how could I reflect on the natural equality of mankind, and that inequality which

Keywords: Animals ; Anthropology ; Behavioral sciences ; Biological sciences ; Biology ; Children ; Countries ; Environmental sciences ; Environmental studies ; Epistemology ; Government ; Government officials ; Human geography ; Human populations ; Humanity ; Humans ; Judges ; Judicial officers ; Jurisprudence ; Law ; Magistrates ; Mammals ; Natural law ; Nature ; Persons ; Philosophical anthropology ; Philosophy ; Philosophy of law ; Political geography ; Political philosophy ; Political science ; Population studies ; Primates ; Social contract ; Social sciences ; State of nature ; Wisdom ; Zoology

"Emile" by Jean-Jacques Rousseau is a philosophical treatise on education, likely written in the late 18th century. The work explores Rousseau's thoughts on how children should be raised and educated, emphasizing the need to align educational practices with natural development rather than societal norms. Central to the text is the character of Emile, an imaginary pupil who undergoes a unique form of upbringing that cultivates his natural goodness and capacities. The opening of "Emile" introduces Rousseau's aims for the book, explaining his departure from traditional educational approaches. He expresses his belief that conventional methods are flawed and do not account for the essence of a child's nature or their potential for learning. Rousseau critiques societal influences that corrupt the inherent goodness of children and argues for a nurturing approach that respects their development. He presents a vision for education focused on understanding the child's needs and nature, suggesting that personal and experiential learning should take precedence over rote memorization and formal instruction. This foundational philosophy sets the stage for the detailed explorations of Emile's upbringing that follow in the text. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

Keywords: Ethics ; 1700-1800 ; 08.24 newer western philosophy (17-19th century) ; 08.38 ethics

Keywords: Natural law ; Ethics ; State The

Territorial rights are shared between overlapping political units, not exclusively held by states. This book takes this claim to be both an empirical observation and a philosophical goal. A theory of territorial rights should be able to inform the normative relationship between overlapping territorial units. In order to do this, Nine's view defends a river model of territorial rights. On a river model, political units are assumed to be interdependent and overlapping. This model stands in contrast to the prevailing desert island model, where political units are assumed to be independent and distinct from each other. Drawing on Pufendorf's natural law philosophy and feminist theory, Nine's view argues for the establishment of foundational territories around geographical areas like rivers. Usually lower-scale political entities, foundational territories overlap with and serve as grounding blocks of larger territorial units. Examples of foundational territories include not just river catchment areas but also urban areas, drawn around individuals who hold obligations to collectively manage their surroundings together. Foundational territorial authorities manage spatially integrated areas where agents are interconnected by dense and scaffolded physical circumstances. In these areas, individuals cannot fulfil their natural obligations to each other without the help of collective rules. Because foundational territories overlap the territories of other political units, this book frames a theory of nested and shared territorial rights.

Keywords: Boundaries ; Jurisdiction Territorial ; Natural law ; Natural law-Religious aspects ; Social and Political Philosophy

Keywords: International law; Books; Natural law

Keywords: BENEFICENCE ; BARBARA HERMAN ; IMPERFECT DUTY ; KANT ; LATITUDE ; OBLIGATION ; THOMAS HILL

Aesthetic Order challenges contemporary theories of aesthetics, offering the idea of beauty as quantitative yet different from the traditional discursive order. It will be of importance to all interested in aesthetic theory.

Keywords: Aesthetics ; Philosophy

Keywords: Staat ; Entstehung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Nationalstaat ; Nationalisme -- Histoire -- Europe de l'Ouest ; Nationalités -- Histoire -- Europe de l'Ouest ; Nation ; État ; Formation of government ; Europe Politics ; Western Europe ; 89.31 state (political science)

In recent years there has been growing interest in the contrast between Humean theories of property, on the one hand, and Lockean and Rousseauian theories, on the other. The contrast is a broad and abstract one, along the following lines.

Keywords: Property rights ; David Hume ; Philosophical aspects

Keywords: Liberty ; State The ; Freedom of conscience ; Constitutions ; Social contract ; 89.42 internal relations of the state with civilians

This article begins by analysing the idea of territorial rights. It argues that the rights over territory standardly claimed by states can be separated into three main elements: the right of jurisdiction, the right to the territory's resources and the right to control borders. A full justification of territorial rights must therefore address each of these three elements. It proceeds to examine theories that treat states as the primary holders of territorial rights. Utilitarian theories (such as Sidgwick's) maintain that states acquire such rights simply by maintaining social order over the relevant territory. Such theories are insufficiently discriminating and cannot deal adequately with the issues raised by invasion and secession. An alternative view adds the condition that the state must be the legitimate representative of the people who (innocently) occupy the territory, but this too faces an objection. A historical version of the statist theory claims that states gain territorial rights by increasing the value of territory over time, but such historical entitlement theories are implausible in the case of states. In contrast, the article argues that an adequate justificatory theory of territorial rights must treat peoples -- nations or indigenous groups -- as the primary bearers of these rights. Peoples gain such rights by adding material value to the territory in question, and endowing it with symbolic value. After responding to objections from global egalitarians and others, the article concludes that such a justificatory theory can unite the three elements of territorial rights distinguished at the outset.

Keywords: rights ; Borders ; Civil rights ; Colonies & territories ; Culture ; Indigenous Populations ; Jurisdiction ; nation ; Political rights ; Secession ; Social Order ; state ; States ; Statism ; Territoriality ; Territory ; Utilitarianism

This article focuses on discussions of territorial rights and self-determination in the last 15--20 years. Theories of territorial jurisdiction typically combine two elements. First, they offer an account of foundational title: What gives a particular set of people a claim to be located in an area, including the right to form political institutions to govern that space? Second, they offer an account of legitimate jurisdiction: What is the moral basis of a state's right to govern the area and its population? This article begins by reconstructing prominent accounts of foundational title and legitimate jurisdiction. After canvassing these views, I highlight three areas where further work is needed, particularly as the territorial states system begins to be challenged by climate change: the appropriate balance of sovereignty and international authority in a world of global interdependence, how to rectify imperial and colonial legacies in the states system, and the just distribution of territory.

Keywords: Self determination ; self-determination ; Climate change ; colonialism ; Colonies & territories ; Interdependence ; Jurisdiction ; Political institutions ; Sovereignty ; State ; territory

In this masterful work, both an illumination of Kant's thought and an important contribution to contemporary legal and political theory, Arthur Ripstein gives a comprehensive yet accessible account of Kant's political philosophy. In addition to providing a clear and coherent statement of the most misunderstood of Kant's ideas, Ripstein also shows that Kant's views remain conceptually powerful and morally appealing today.

Keywords: Kant Immanuel 1724--1804 ; Law ; Philosophy ; Political and social views ; Political Science

Keywords: functionalism, annexation, territory

Territorial Sovereignty: A Philosophical Exploration offers a qualified defense of a territorial states-system. It argues that three core values-occupancy, basic justice, and collective self-determination-are served by an international system made up of self-governing, spatially defined political units. The defense is qualified because the book does not actually justify all the sovereignty rights states currently claim, and that are recognized in international law. Instead, the book proposes important changes to states' sovereign prerogatives, particularly with respect to internal autonomy for political minorities, immigration, and natural resources. Part I of the book argues for a right of occupancy, holding that a legitimate function of the international system is to specify and protect people's preinstitutional claims to specific geographical places. Part II turns to the question of how a state might acquire legitimate jurisdiction over a population of occupants. It argues that the state will have a right to rule a population and its territory if it satisfies conditions of basic justice and also facilitates its people's collective self-determination. Finally, Parts III and IV of this book argue that the exclusionary sovereignty rights to control over borders and natural resources that can plausibly be justified on the basis of the three core values are more limited than has traditionally been thought. Oxford Political Theory presents the best new work in contemporary political theory. It is intended to be broad in scope, including original contributions to political philosophy, and also work in applied political theory. The series will contain works of outstanding quality with no restriction as to approach or subject matter.

Keywords: Sovereignty -- Philosophy

This title offers a political self-determination theory of territory. Territorial disputes are at the centre of some of the most intractable controversies facing us today but it is also one of the most under-theorised concepts that we rely on. Most work in political philosophy, international relations, political science, and law take for granted the territorial imperative (that we need states, and states are necessarily territorial); yet, this book argues, territory itself requires a defence.

Keywords: Territory National -- Philosophy ; Jurisdiction Territorial -- Philosophy ; State The -- Philosophy

Modern states claim rights of jurisdiction and control over particular geographical areas and their associated natural resources. Boundaries of Authority explores the possible moral bases for such territorial claims by states. The book maintains throughout that the requirement of states' justified authority over persons has normative priority over, and as a result severely restricts, the kinds of territorial rights that states can justifiably claim, and it argues that the mere effective administration of justice within a geographical area is insufficient to ground moral authority over residents of that area. The book argues that only a theory of territorial rights that takes seriously the morality of the actual history of states' acquisitions of power over land and the land's residents can adequately explain the nature and extent of states' moral rights over particular territories. Part I of the book examines the interconnections between states' claimed rights of authority over particular sets of subject persons and states' claimed authority to control particular territories. Part II organizes, explains, and criticizes the full range of extant theories of states' territorial rights, arguing that a little-appreciated Lockean approach to territorial rights is in fact far better able to meet the principal desiderata for such theories. Part III of the book looks closely at the more property-like territorial rights that states claim---in particular, their claimed rights to control over the natural resources in and around their territories and their claimed rights to control and restrict movement across (including immigration over) their territorial borders.

Keywords: Philosophy ; Social and Political Philosophy ; Territory National

Gonzalo Rodriguez-Pereya provides a new English translation of G.W. Leibniz's 'Discourse on Metaphysics', complete with a critical introduction and a comprehensive philosophical commentary. In this fundamental work, Leibniz sets out a metaphysics for Christianity and provides answers to the central metaphysical questions.

Keywords: Metaphysics ; Leibniz Gottfried Wilhelm 1646-1716 Petit discours de métaphysique

Keywords: Object (Philosophy) ; Ontology

The moral virtues have had prominence in social scientific research ever since Piaget's (1932) and Kohlberg's (1969) pioneering work on the cognitive developmental stages of justice reasoning. A less explored moral virtue is the ancient idea of agape, or love that is in service to others which includes effort and even pain on the part of the one expressing the virtue. In this work, we attempt a precise definition of agape using Aristotelian philosophical views of virtue ethics and his principles of analyzing constructs for their essences and their specific differences with related but distinct constructs. From this Aristotelian philosophical framework, we then critique existing social scientific measures of love and of agape in particular. We then provide guidelines for the development of construct-valid measures of agape that are philosophically coherent. Possible research questions to expand the scientific study of agape are presented as a way forward with this important construct that could bring psychological health to individuals and peace and unity to families and communities. Public Significance Statement Agape love is a moral virtue in which a person willingly and unconditionally offers goodness, at a cost to the giver, to another or others in need. Because this under-researched ancient concept has implications for harmonious relationships and for good mental health, accurate measures of agape are needed to assess the degree to which a person understands and practices it.

Keywords: Human ; Justice ; Love ; Morality ; Philosophers ; Philosophies ; Social Justice ; Social Sciences ; Virtue

This article discusses the affinities and differences between four lexemes related to LOVE and the lexeme LOVE itself over a time span of roughly six hundred years, comparing earlier usage (1417-1710) with Present-Day English. The approach is prototype-semantic, and the data consists of four English language corpora. They are the Early Modern English period of the Helsinki Corpus of English Texts (HC), the electronic Oxford edition of Shakespeare's Complete Works (SH), the Corpus of Early English Correspondence Sampler (CEECS) and the British National Corpus (BNC). The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) and the Historical Thesaurus of English (HTE) were also consulted. It is possible to detect two kinds of change in the usage of the four lexemes. Firstly, if the dictionary senses are treated as prototypical categories, we can see the meanings of the lexemes change via processes of inductive generalisation, specialisation, metonymy and metaphor. Secondly, if we look at these lexemes differently and consider the appearance of the categories of family love (storge), friendship (philia), romantic and sexual love (eros), married love (storge-eros), religious love (agape) and love of things (khreia), we can again see changes in their meanings between the two periods.

Keywords: Humanities (General)

Keywords: eugenics, progressivism, Gilded Age

Keywords: social neworks; computational social science; machine learning; big data; data mining; psychological assessment

Keywords: google search; leak

Keywords: propaganda

Keywords: propaganda

Keywords: propaganda

Keywords: GCHQ

Keywords: sociology; philosophy

Democracy is not naturally plausible. Why turn such important matters over to masses of people who have no expertise? Many theories of democracy answer by appealing to the intrinsic value of democratic procedure, leaving aside whether it makes good decisions. In Democratic Authority, David Estlund offers a groundbreaking alternative based on the idea that democratic authority and legitimacy must depend partly on democracy's tendency to make good decisions. Just as with verdicts in jury trials, Estlund argues, the authority and legitimacy of a political decision does not depend on the particular decision being good or correct. But the "epistemic value" of the procedure--the degree to which it can generally be accepted as tending toward a good decision--is nevertheless crucial. Yet if good decisions were all that mattered, one might wonder why those who know best shouldn't simply rule.

Keywords: American Government ; Authority ; Democracy ; History & Theory ; Judicial Branch ; Philosophy ; POLITICAL SCIENCE

A justification for maintaining the legitimacy of democratic decision making is offered. A dualistic account of democracy based upon two principles -- democracy promotes the equal advancement of all interests & social justice must be visible within democracy -- is proposed. After relating the formal & substantive arguments for conceptualizing social justice in such a manner, it is asserted that democratic decision making is fully capable of providing for the equitable advancement of competing interests in a publicly transparent way. It is subsequently argued that the legitimacy of democratic decision making is contingent upon the fairness of the substance of democratic laws or the justness of democratic processes. Moreover, it is stressed that democratic authority must take public perspectives into account to further legitimize democratic decision making. A hypothetical scenario in which the national legislature supports discriminatory enfranchisement laws is then used to determine the conditions under restraints should be placed upon democratic authority. It is concluded that a democracy's loss of its intrinsic sense of justice signals the de-legitimatization of democratic authority. J. W. Parker

Keywords: Authority ; Decision Making ; Democracy ; Equality ; Ethics ; Government & Law ; Legitimacy ; Political Science ; Political theory ; Public Opinion ; Social Justice ; Social Sciences ; Social Sciences - Other Topics

This article identifies the concept of privacy and legal system committed to such a value.

Keywords: Analysis ; CIVIL RIGHTS, CIVIL LIBERTIES, CONTEMPORARY CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENTS ; Human relations ; Information legislation ; Intimacy ; Invasion of privacy ; Jurisprudence ; LAW AND LEGAL SYSTEMS ; Mental health ; Plaintiffs ; PRIVACY ; PRIVACY AND ITS INVASION ; Privacy rights ; Privacy, Right of ; Reductionism ; Right to privacy ; Torts ; US POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES & BEHAVIOR

Social media companies commonly design their platforms in a way that renders them addictive. Some governments have declared internet addiction a major public health concern, and the World Health Organization has characterized excessive internet use as a growing problem. Our article shows why scholars, policy makers, and the managers of social media companies should treat social media addiction as a serious moral problem. While the benefits of social media are not negligible, we argue that social media addiction raises unique ethical concerns not raised by other, more familiar addictive products, such as alcohol and cigarettes. In particular, we argue that addicting users to social media is impermissible because it unjustifiably harms users in a way that is both demeaning and objectionably exploitative. Importantly, the attention-economy business model of social media companies strongly incentivizes them to perpetrate this wrongdoing.

Keywords: Addictions ; Addictive behaviors ; Attention ; Business models ; Cigarettes ; Design ; Ethics ; Heroin ; Internet ; Moral dilemmas ; Physiology ; Policy making ; Public health ; Social media ; Social networks

This article reconceptualizes the archive in the context of digital media ecologies. Drawing upon archival theory and critical approaches to the political economy of the Internet, I account for new dynamics and implications afforded by digital archives. Operating at both a user-controlled explicit and a state- and corporate-owned implicit level, the digital archive at once facilitates empowerment and enables unprecedented forms of management and control. Connecting the politics and economy of digital media with issues of identity formation and curation on social networking sites, I coin the terms iArchive and predictive retention to highlight how recent technological advances both provide new means for self-expression, mobilization and resistance and afford an almost ubiquitous tracking, profiling and, indeed, moulding of emergent subjectivities.

Keywords: artificial intelligence; surveillance; privacy; exploitation; manipulation; legitimacy; power

Keywords: Political philosophy

Keywords: privacy; power; technology

Keywords: Power